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WlwG Old > WlwG GIT > Flashcards

WlwG GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Oesophageal Narrowing: Multiple ring-like indentations, previous atopy

A

Eosinophilic oesophagitis

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2
Q

Oesophageal Narrowing: Web with iron deficiency anaemia, thyroid issues

A

Plummer-Vinson

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3
Q

Oesophageal Narrowing: Strictures with numerous outpouchings

A

Pseudo-diverticulosis

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4
Q

Oesophageal Narrowing: Increased peristalsis/emptying

A

Spasm (opposite of achalasia)

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5
Q

Oesophageal Narrowing: Thickening from radiotherapy/infn/NGT

A

Oesophagitis

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6
Q

Oesophageal Narrowing: Upper oesophagitis in immunocompromised

A

Candidiasis

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7
Q

Oesophageal Narrowing: Multiple small ulcerations in immunocompromised

A

Herpes simplex (“H small”)

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8
Q

Oesophageal Narrowing: Single large ulcer in immunocompromised

A

HIV/CMV (“H 1”)

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9
Q

Oesophageal Narrowing: Mid level ulcers

A

Drug-induced (tablet stuck at extrinsic compressive sites)

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10
Q

Oesophageal Narrowing: Low ulcers

A

Caustic oesophagitis

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11
Q

Oesophageal Narrowing: Low short stricture

A

Schatzki ring

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12
Q

Oesophageal Narrowing: Low long stricture

A

Barretts (reflux oesophagitis)

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13
Q

Oesophageal Dilations: Upper focal dilation

A

Oesophageal divert (“Front kill, Phar side, Back to zen” = Front Killian, Pharyngocele side, Back Zenkers)

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14
Q

Oesophageal Dilations: Whole oesophagus dilated

A

Scleroderma (“Clear all dilated”)

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15
Q

Oesophageal Dilations: Beak sign/tapered

A

Achalasia (Compare pseudoachalasia in GEJ malignancy where the ‘beak’ doesn’t relax)

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16
Q

Oesophageal Dilations: Beak sign/tapered with mass

A

GEJ malignancy (pseudoachalasia where the ‘beak’ doesn’t relax)

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17
Q

Oesophageal Dilations: Achalasia with colon and heart issues

A

Chagas (“CHA = Colon, Heart, Achalasia”)

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18
Q

Oesophageal Dilations: DM/Etoh/bulbar palsy

A

Neuropathic

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19
Q

Oesophageal Dilations: Lower focal

A

Hiatus hernia

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20
Q

Oesophageal Perforations: Pneumomediastinum present, from increased pressure

A

Boerhaave Syndrome (“Have pneumo”)

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21
Q

Oesophageal Perforations: No pneumomediastinum, prolonged vomiting

A

Mallory-Weiss Tear (“Wheres the pneumo”)

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22
Q

Oesophageal Mass: Low oesophagus with calcs

A

Leiomyoma

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23
Q

Oesophageal Mass: Upper-mid oesophagus in smoker/etoh

A

Squamous cell ca associated with H&N cancer/smoking/alcohol (“Ingested stuff, thus upper. No cell transformation, so squamous”)

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24
Q

Oesophageal Mass: Low oesophagus mass with Barretts/Reflux

A

AdenoCa (“Reflux, thus lower due to cell transformation, so adenoCa”).

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25
Q

Stomach Ulcers: Top/Fundus with large gastric folds

A

Menetriers (“Men have big folds & on top”)

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26
Q

Stomach Ulcers: Side/Greater curvature

A

Nsaid/Aspirin peptic ulcer disease (“Tablet rests on greater curvature”)

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27
Q

Stomach Ulcers: Diffuse including base/antrum

A

H. Pylori (“Infection, thus diffuse”)

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28
Q

Stomach Ulcers: Also involves proximal small bowel with gastrinoma

A

Zollinger-Ellison

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29
Q

Stomach Ulcers: Also involves small +/- large bowel

A

Crohns

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30
Q

Stomach Masses: Grows inwards and obstructs/ulcerates

A

AdenoCa

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31
Q

Stomach Masses: Grows along pylorus but doesn’t obstruct

A

Lymphoma/MALT

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32
Q

Stomach Masses: Grows outwards of stomach with no LN

A

GIST, do PET scan as mets to liver/mesentery

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33
Q

Stomach Polyps: Whole GIT involved

A

FAP

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34
Q

Stomach Polyps: Breast/Thyroid involved

A

Cowden (“Cow breasts”)

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35
Q

Stomach Polyps: Brain involved

A

Turcot (“Turcot fish brain”)

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36
Q

Stomach Polyps: Skin/reproductive organs involved

A

Peutz-Jeghers

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37
Q

Stomach Polyps: Bone/Connective tissue involved

A

Gardner (“Garden grass and mushrooms”)

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38
Q

Gas in stomach wall from trauma/infection/vomiting

A

Gastric emphysema

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39
Q

Causes of duodenal fold thickening

A

H. Pylori, Crohns, Whipple disease, Lymphoma, Pancreatitis

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40
Q

What is Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome?

A

Duodenum compression between aorta and SMA causing obstruction

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41
Q

Small Bowel: Flushing/diarrhoea, local starburst mass

A

Carcinoid

42
Q

Small Bowel: Flushing/diarrhoea, diffuse symptoms involving skin/bone

A

Mastocytosis

43
Q

Small Bowel: Circumferential focal thickening with obstruction

A

AdenoCa

44
Q

Small Bowel: Exophytic tumour

A

GIST

45
Q

Small Bowel: Polypoid nodular ileal thickening with LN without obstruction

A

MALT Lymphoma

46
Q

Small Bowel: Thickening with diffuse dilated peri-intestinal lymphatics

A

Lymphangiectasia

47
Q

Small Bowel: Thickening post marrow transplant

A

Graft vs Host

48
Q

Small Bowel: Thickening with many organs involved

A

Amyloidosis (“All got”)

49
Q

Small Bowel: Obstruction from encasement of small bowel by fibrosis/collagen

A

Peritoneal sclerosis

50
Q

Small Bowel: Micro-nodules in jejunum

A

Whipples

51
Q

Small Bowel: Distal ileum out-pouchings with obstruction/GI bleed

A

Meckels

52
Q

Small Bowel: Dilated jejunum with loss of jejunal folds

A

Coeliac disease

53
Q

Small Bowel: Dilation after surgery/IBD

A

Ileus

54
Q

Colorectal AdenoCa: Duke stages A - D?

A

A = limited to bowel wall
B = Serosa or mesentery involved
C = LN
D = distant mets

55
Q

What scan for Colorectal Ca staging?

A

MRI T2 NON-contrast.
>5cm from anorectal angle = high rectal Ca = Low anterior resection surgery (LAR)

<5cm = low recta Ca = AP resection

56
Q

Signs of Crohns vs UC?

A

CrohnSSS: Skip lesion, String sign Small bowel, Stricture, Stones, Spondylitis, Sacroilitis, Sizeable LN
–> Several mucosa layers involved (Transmural) thus fistulas/abscesses.
–>Presents with abdo pain, no bloody diarrhoea.
–> Starts at terminal ileum

Ulcerative Colitis = Continuous Ulcers in the Colon and “all the -itis”.
–>Presents with bloody diarrhoea
–> Starts at rectum

57
Q

Colon Ulcers/Colitis: Involvement of genitals/mouth/eyes/skin

A

Behcets (“Bae playing GAMES” = Genetals, Aneurysms, Mouth, Eyes, Skin)

58
Q

Colon Ulcers/Colitis: Bloody diarrhoea

A

Entamoeba & UC

59
Q

Colon Ulcers/Colitis: Thumb-printing, antibiotic use

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

60
Q

Colon Ulcers/Colitis: Right/Ascending

A

“Food” = Salmonella/Shigella

61
Q

Colon Ulcers/Colitis: Left/Descending

A

“Worms” = Schistosomiasis

62
Q

Colon Ulcers/Colitis: Rectosigmoid

A

“Anal” = Gonorrhoea/Herpes/Chlamydia

63
Q

Colon Ulcers/Colitis: Diffuse

A

“HIV” = CMV

64
Q

Colon Ulcers/Colitis: Steroid use, concentric Sigmoid bowel wall thickening

A

Diverticular disease

65
Q

Colon Dilations: Sigmoid volvulus vs Caecum volvulus?

A

Sigmoid (coffee-bean sign, points to RUQ) > caecum (points to LUQ) > transverse colon.

66
Q

Colon Dilations: Dilation of transverse colon with absence of haustra

A

Toxic megacolon, due to UC/Crohns

67
Q

Colon Dilations: Persistently dilated colon without transition point

A

Pseudo-obstruction/Ogilvie syndrome

68
Q

Colon Bleeding: Left sided vs right sided causes?

A

Left = Divert
Right = Angiodysplasia

69
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: Single bubble without distal gas, no vomiting

A

Gastric atresia

70
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: Double bubble without distal gas, bilious vomiting

A

Duodenal atresia

71
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: Triple bubble without distal gas

A

Jejunal atresia

72
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: Liver obstruction (jaundice/hepatomegaly/brown urine)

A

Biliary atresia

73
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: Triangular cord at porta hepatis, HIDA normal liver activity but absent bowel activity

A

Biliary atresia

74
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: Bubble with distal gas, no vomiting

A

Gastric volvulus

75
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: Bubble with distal gas, bilious vomiting

A

Midgut volvulus

76
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: Non-bilious vomiting, narrow duodenum

A

Annular pancreas

77
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: Non-bilious vomiting, thickening pylorus

A

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

78
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: NGT stuck in upper oesophagus, gas in GIT

A

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula type C (Commonest = type C, proximal oesophagus atresia, distal oesophagus fistula. 2nd commonest = type A, both prox and distal oesophagus atresia) Thus usually NGT stuck in midline upper thorax with gas in GIT.

79
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: NGT stuck in upper oesophagus, no gas in GIT

A

Oesophageal atresia/TOF type A (compare Tracheo-oesophageal fistula type C with gas in GIT)

80
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: NGT stuck in lower oesophagus

A

Gastric volvulus

81
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: NGT stuck in left lower lung

A

Diaphragmatic hernia (Anterior morgagni, Back bochdalek)

82
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: NGT stuck in right lower lung

A

Misplaced in lung

83
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: Abdo hernia in middle

A

OMphalocoele (“Open in the middle”)

84
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: Abdo hernia at para-umbilical

A

GastRoschisis (“Gas to the Right”)

85
Q

Paeds Lower GIT: Dilated loops in distal ileum

A

Meconium ileus

86
Q

Paeds Lower GIT: Dilated loops in ileocolic/right

A

Intussusception

87
Q

Paeds Lower GIT: Dilated large bowel in Down’s

A

Hirschsprung

88
Q

Paeds Lower GIT: Dilated descending colon in DM

A

Meconium plug

89
Q

Paeds Lower GIT: Perforation with ascites/fibrosis/peritoneal calcs

A

Meconium peritonitis

90
Q

Paeds Lower GIT: Perforations with pneumos in premature (pneumatosis/pneumoperitoneum)

A

NEC (“Necrotizing, thus NEonate, pNEumatosis, pNEumoperitonium”)

91
Q

Paeds Upper GIT: Swallowing and breathing issues with polyhydramnios

A

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (Commonest = type C, proximal oesophagus atresia, distal oesophagus fistula. 2nd commonest = type A, both prox and distal oesophagus atresia) Thus usually NGT stuck in midline upper thorax with gas in GIT.

92
Q

Paeds GIT: What does VACTERL stand for?

A

Vertebra/Anal/Cardiac/Trachea/Esophageal fistula/Radius/Renal/Limbs

93
Q

Difference between right duplication and left duplication, situs and isomerism

A

Right dupe: 2 fissures per lung, absent spleen
Left dupe: 1 fissure per lung, multiple spleens
Situs: Left organs are now right, right are now left
Isomerism: Only 1 organ is mirror-imaged

94
Q

Stomach vascular supply: Lesser curvature

A

Left/right gastric arteries

95
Q

Stomach vascular supply: Greater curvature

A

Left gastro-omental (aka gastro-epiploic)

96
Q

Stomach vascular supply: Antrum

A

Right gastro-omental (aka gastro-epiploic)

97
Q

Stomach vascular supply: Superior/fundus

A

Short gastric branches of splenic artery

98
Q

Stomach vascular supply: Inferior/pylorus

A

Gastroduodenal artery (branch of common hepatic artery)

99
Q

GIT: White plaques in upper-mid oesophagus

A

Glycogen acanthosis (looks similar to candida but no narrowing)

100
Q

GIT: Causes of GI fistula

A

Divert & Crohns

WlwG Old (22 decks)

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