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WlwG Old > WlwG KUB > Flashcards

WlwG KUB Flashcards

1
Q

Bosniak 1 meaning and mx

A

Simple: <20Hu, non-enhancing, no septations/calcs, no F/U

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2
Q

Bosniak 2 meaning and mx

A

Complicated: Bosniak 2 (<20 Hu or >70 Hu cyst pre-contrast, <3mm enhancing septations/calcs, any non-enhancing septations), no F/U

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3
Q

Bosniak 2F meaning and mx

A

(4+ enhancing septations, or 3+mm thick enhancing septations, or 3+cm non-enhancing/enhancing cyst), 6 monthly then yearly f/u

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4
Q

Bosniak 3 meaning and mx

A

(multi-loculated/complex septations/heavy calcifications), for surgery

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5
Q

Bosniak 4 meaning and mx

A

(enhancing >15Hu, ie RCC), for surgery

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6
Q

Kidney Cyst: Bilateral enlarged kidneys in adult

A

AD PCKD (ADult)

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7
Q

Kidney Cyst: Bilateral enlarged kidneys in child

A

AR PCKD

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8
Q

Kidney Cyst: Bilateral small kidneys

A

Medullary Cystic Disease/MCD (“Mcdonalds gives small kidneys”)

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9
Q

Kidney + pancreas + adrenal cysts

A

Von Hippel Lindau (“HiPPEL” = Haemangioma, Pheo, Pancreatic cysts, Eye haemangioblastoma, Liver cyst”)

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10
Q

Kidney + adrenal + skin (solids)

A

NF1

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11
Q

Bilateral AML with hamartoma

A

Tuberous Sclerosis (“TUBAH = Tubers, AML, Hamartomas”)

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12
Q

Bilateral hypoechoic hypodense solid in kidneys

A

Lymphoma

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13
Q

Bilateral renal cysts with ESRF

A

Uremic Cystic Disease

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14
Q

Single fatty/vascular in kidney

A

AML

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15
Q

Single scar in kidney

A

Oncocytoma

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16
Q

Single solid in kidney cortex with calcs

A

Clear cell RCC
(“Clear calcs, compare papillary pre renal”)

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17
Q

Single solid in kidney cortex, prev renal transplant

A

Papillary RCC
(“Papillary pre renal”)

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18
Q

Single solid in renal pelvis/ureter

A

TCC

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19
Q

Calcium layering in calyx

A

Milk of calcium cyst/Calyceal diverticulum

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20
Q

Alternating hyper and hypo-attenuation

A

Acute pyelonephritis

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21
Q

Small scarred kidneys with cortical thinning

A

Chronic pyelonephritis

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22
Q

Gas in kidney in DM patients

A

Emphysematous pyelonephritis

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23
Q

Gas in collecting system in DM patients

A

Emphysematous pyelitis

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24
Q

Large staghorn calculus with ‘bear paw’ appearance

A

XantuloGranulomatous Pyelonephritis

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25
Q

Multiple abscesses with hydronephrosis in kidney

A

Candidiasis
(“Kidney candy”)

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26
Q

Hyper-pigmented skin lesions with multi-system failure weeks/months after scan

A

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

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27
Q

Non radio-opaque stones, cause and management

A

Uric acid, treat with potassium citrate

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28
Q

Radio-opaque stones, cause and management

A

Calcium>struvite, <2.5cm ESWL, >2.5cm percutaneous removal

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29
Q

Kidney US echogenic focus with acoustic shadow

A

Renal stones

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30
Q

Kidney US comet tail artefact

A

Adenomyomatosis

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31
Q

Causes of peripheral vs central calcifications in kidney (nephrocalcinosis)

A

Peripheral: Glomerulonephritis, infn, pregnancy
Central: Hyper-calcaemia, renal tubular acidosis, drugs

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32
Q

Unilateral proximal renal artery stenosis cause

A

Atherosclerosis

33
Q

Bilateral distal renal artery stenosis cause

A

Fibro-muscular dysplasia (“BD RASH = Bilateral Distal Renal Artery String-of-beads stenosis with HTN”)

34
Q

Hypo-echoic renal cortex, reversed arterial flow, absent venous flow

A

Renal vein thrombosis

35
Q

Left renal vein compressed by SMA with left flank/testicular pain

A

Nutcracker syndrome

36
Q

Wedge shaped or diffuse hypodensity of renal cortex

A

Renal infarct (partial or complete)

37
Q

Cavitations/necrosis at renal papillae with linear streaky contrast filling

A

Renal papillary necrosis (lobster claw sign)

38
Q

High doppler resistive index in kidney causes

A

Acute tubular necrosis, transplant rejection, urinary obstruction, renal vein thrombosis (‘obstructed output’)

39
Q

Low doppler resistive index in kidney causes

A

Renal Artery stenosis (renal vein thrombosis is high index)

40
Q

Post renal transplant: Reduced excretion, normal perfusion

A

Acute tubular necrosis (“Attention = cannot excrete”)

41
Q

Post renal transplant: Reduced perfusion

A

Acute kidney rejection (“Rejected = cannot perfuse”)

42
Q

Post renal transplant: Fluid collections at post-op, 1 week, 1+month causes?

A

Post-op = haematoma
1 week = urinoma
1+ month = Abscess (rim enhancing), lymphocele (cyst)

43
Q

Paediatric kidney solids: Congenital solid

A

Mesoblastic nephroma

44
Q

Paediatric kidney solids: <1 year, nodular

A

NephroBlastomosis

45
Q

Paediatric kidney solids: 1-3 years with calcs

A

NephroBlastoma

46
Q

Paediatric kidney solids: 3-5 years, no calcs

A

Wilms

47
Q

Paediatric kidney solids: Teenager

A

RCC

48
Q

Paediatric kidney solids: Multiple

A

Non-hodgkins lymphoma

49
Q

Paediatric kidney cystic: Dilated collecting ducts with calcs

A

Medullary sponge kidney

50
Q

Paediatric kidney cystic: <1 year old, multiple cysts, reflux/obstruction

A

Multi-cystic dysplastic kidney

51
Q

Paediatric kidney cystic: Multi-septated cysts in 3-5 year old

A

Multi-locular cystic nephroma

52
Q

Paediatric kidney cystic: Cystic dilation of lymphatics, haematuria, flank pain

A

Lymphangioma

53
Q

Paediatric kidney: Hearing loss

A

Alports

54
Q

Paediatric kidney: Renal failure with haemolytic anaemia, requires dialysis

A

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

55
Q

Ureter cancer type?

A

Transitional cell Ca (TCC)

56
Q

Ureter reflux grade 1-5?

A

Grade 1: Reflux only in ureter
Grade 2: Involve pelvicalyceal
Grade 3: Involve pelvis
Grade 4: Above + tortuous ureter
Grade 5: Above + markedly dilated tortuous ureter and pelvicalyceal system

57
Q

Dilated distal ureter in child with reflux

A

Ureterocoele

58
Q

Duplicated ureter, upper pole inserts to where in bladder?

A

Inferiomedial bladder, prone to obstruction. Lower pole ureter prone to reflux.

59
Q

Dilated ureters with bilateral undescended testes cause

A

Prune-belly syndrome

60
Q

Remnant of Wolfian duct with urethral obstruction in child

A

Posterior urethral valve

61
Q

Urachal anomalies: Whole urachus dilated?

A

Patent urachus

62
Q

Urachal anomalies: Upper urachus dilated?

A

Umbilical-urachal sinus (umbilicus is higher)

63
Q

Urachal anomalies: Lower urachus dilated?

A

Vesico-urachal divert (bladder is lower)

64
Q

Urachal anomalies: Center urachus dilated?

A

Urachal cyst

65
Q

Urachal anomalies: Bladder hernia through anterior abdominal wall?

A

Bladder exstrophy

66
Q

Bladder cystitis: Bacterial vs chronic vs emphysematous vs TB vs schistosomiasis signs?

A

Bacterial: Cobblestone mucosa with reduced bladder capacity (usually E.coli/staph/strep)

Chronic: May have cysts, due to prolonged reflux/divert/obstruction

Emphysematous: Gas in bladder wall in DM (E. coli)

TB: Small thick walled bladder with fibrosis

Schistosomiasis: Extensive calcs

67
Q

Large pine cone bladder cause?

A

Neurogenic bladder

68
Q

Bladder cancer commonest type?

A

Transitional cell Ca, usually at base/posterior bladder (from smoking/radiation/dyes)

69
Q

Bladder cancer from Schistosomiasis/supra-pubic catheter

A

Squamous cell Ca, usually at lateral walls

70
Q

Bladder cancer at anterior wall

A

Bladder/Urachal adenoCa

71
Q

Bladder cancer at lateral walls

A

Squamous cell Ca (from Schistosomiasis/supra-pubic catheter, calcs ++

72
Q

Bladder cancer at base/posterior

A

Transitional cell Ca

73
Q

Bladder cancer in child

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

74
Q

Enlarged Kidneys/Cortical Rim sign: Causes in unilateral kidney, high resistive index

A

Renal vein occlusion
- CT-hypo
- US doppler reversal of arterial flow with absent venous flow

75
Q

Enlarged Kidneys/Cortical Rim sign: Causes in Bilateral kidneys, high resistive index

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis:
- Within 1 day of transplant
- Reduced EXCRETION, Normal perfusion on MAG angiography
- Persistent and striated nephrogram on CT from stasis of contrast
(“Tubal anomaly, so perfusion okay but cannot excrete”).

Acute rejection:
- Within 1 week of transplant
- Reduced PERFUSION (ie uptake) on MAG angiography (“Kidney anomaly, so can’t perfuse”)

Renal cortical necrosis
- Due to haemorrhage/shock/transplant
- T1/T2-hypo, non-enhancing renal cortex with normal enhancing renal medulla
- Reduced PERFUSION

76
Q

Enlarged Kidneys/Cortical Rim sign: Causes in Unilateral kidney, Low resistive index

A

Unilateral proximal renal artery obstruction (atherosclerosis)
- CT-hyperdense thrombus
- Wedge/entire non-enhancing kidney

77
Q

Enlarged Kidneys/Cortical Rim sign: Causes in Bilateral kidneys, low resistive index

A

Bilateral distal renal artery obstruction (Fibro-muscular dysplasia)
- CT-hyperdense thrombus
- Wedge/entire non-enhancing kidney
“BD RASH” = Bilateral Distal Renal Artery String-of-beads stenosis & HTN

78
Q

Enlarged Kidneys/Cortical Rim sign: Causes and appearance of renal artery obstruction

A

Unilateral proximal renal artery obstruction (atherosclerosis)
- CT-hyperdense thrombus
- Wedge/entire non-enhancing kidney

Bilateral distal renal artery obstruction (Fibro-muscular dysplasia)
- CT-hyperdense thrombus
- Wedge/entire non-enhancing kidney
“BD RASH” = Bilateral Distal Renal Artery String-of-beads stenosis & HTN

79
Q

Enlarged Kidneys/Cortical Rim sign: Difference between ATN, Acute rejection and Renal cortical necrosis

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis:
- Within 1 day of transplant
- Reduced EXCRETION, Normal perfusion on MAG angiography
- Persistent and striated nephrogram on CT from stasis of contrast
(“Tubal anomaly, so perfusion okay but cannot excrete”).

Acute rejection:
- Within 1 week of transplant
- Reduced PERFUSION (ie uptake) on MAG angiography (“Kidney anomaly, so can’t perfuse”)

Renal cortical necrosis
- Due to haemorrhage/shock/transplant
- T1/T2-hypo, non-enhancing renal cortex with normal enhancing renal medulla
- Reduced PERFUSION

WlwG Old (22 decks)

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