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Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 > White Blood Cells > Flashcards

White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells

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2
Q

What are the 5 common types of white blood cells ?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

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3
Q

Which white blood cells fall under the granulocyte category ?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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4
Q

What do granulocytes have ?

A

Granulocytes, as their name suggests, are white blood cells that have granules present in their cytoplasm.

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5
Q

What do neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils have in common ?

A

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are all polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Polymorphonuclear cells have nuclei with multiple lobes

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6
Q

What do monocytes and lymphocytes have in common ?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes are mononuclear agranulocytes. Mononuclear cells have a single nucleus.

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7
Q

What is the most common type of WBC in the blood ?

A

60-70% neutrophils,
20-25% lymphocytes,
3-8% monocytes,
2-4% eosinophils,
<1% basophils.

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8
Q

What is the role of neutrophils ?

A

Neutrophils are active phagocytes that engulf bacteria.

They can be considered the first responders of the (innate) immune system as they are often the first leukocytes to be activated in response to a pathogen.

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of granules found in neutrophils ?

A

There are three types of granules in the cytoplasm of neutrophils:
specific or secondary granules,
azurophilic granules,
tertiary granules.

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10
Q

What is the role of eosinophils ?

A

Eosinophils release histaminase during allergic reactions.

They are associated with inflammatory responses and helminthic responses to PARASITIC and protozoan infections.

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11
Q

Which is the largest granulocyte ?

A

Basophils

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12
Q

What is the role of basophils ?

A

Basophils are associated with allergic responses as well: they release histamine and vasoactive agents (heparin) to dilate blood vessels thereby intensifying the allergic reaction.

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13
Q

What is the biggest structure found in lymphocytes ?

A

The rounded nucleus.

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14
Q

What is the role of B-lymphocytes ?

A

B lymphocytes are involved in the production of circulating antibodies.

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15
Q

What is the role of T-lymphocytes ?

A

T lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity.

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16
Q

What is the role of natural killer cells ?

A

NK (natural killer) cells destroy virus infected and cancerous cells.

17
Q

What are the largest leukocytes ?

18
Q

How would you describe the cytoplasm of monocytes ?

A

They are agranulocytes with a light and foamy cytoplasm.

19
Q

How are monocytes identified ?

A

Monocytes are easily identified by their size and their large, kidney or horse-shoe shaped nucleus.

20
Q

What do monocytes become when they leave the blood to tissues ?

A

In the periphery, monocytes differentiate into phagocytic macrophages.

21
Q

What happens in phagocytosis ?

A

Phagocytosis is a process in which a cell engulfs and ingest a macromolecule or microorganism.

22
Q

What is chemotaxis ?

A

Chemotaxis in microbiology refers to the migration of cells toward attractant chemicals or away from repellents.

23
Q

Describe the stages involved in chemotaxis.

A

Bacteria releases chemoattractant which is sensed by the neutrophil.

The neutrophil becomes polarised, chasing the bacteria.

The neutrophil, engulfs the bacteria, carrying out phagocytosis.

24
Q

Steps involved in carrying out the FBC (Full Blood Count)

A

A clean glass slide is used.
Blood sample is smeared onto glass slide.
Let the sample air dry
Stain the blood smear with various dyes.
Put a cover slip on the slide and examine under a microscope.

25
Q

What is the function of the differential count ?

A

It measures the percentage of each type of white blood cell that you have in your blood. It also reveals if there are any abnormal or immature cells.

26
Q

What is the importance of a differential count ?

A

It is an important factor in diagnosing and/or monitoring an illness that affects your immune system

27
Q

Symptoms of chronic myeloid leukaemia

A

Large spleen, symptoms of anaemia and bone pain

28
Q

What are the 3 phases of chronic myeloid leukaemia ?

A

Chronic phase
Accelerated phase
Blast phase

29
Q

Signs of chronic myeloid leukaemia

A

Anemia
High WBC count
High Platelet count

30
Q

Which chromosome is shortened in CML ?

A

Philadelphia chromosome (shortened ch22)
Translation of 9;22

31
Q

What % of cases of CML have the same genetic and molecular change ?

32
Q

Is acute myeloid leukaemia more common with increasing age ?

33
Q

What does AML present with symptoms of ?

A

Marrow failure

34
Q

Signs & Symptoms of AML

A

Amaemia
Bleeding
Infections

35
Q

Treatment of AML

A

Chemotherapy to produce marrow aplasia
Marrow regenerates from residual stem cells

Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 (37 decks)

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