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Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 > Heart & Circulation > Flashcards

Heart & Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located in the chest ?

A

It is centrally positioned, flanked and partially obscured by the lungs.

In the middle mediastinum, 2/3rds lie left of the midsternal line.

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2
Q

What is the heart surrounded by ?

A

A pericardial sac called the pericardium.

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3
Q

What is the pericardium made up of ?

A

Tough, dense connective tissue.

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4
Q

What is the function of the pericardium ?

A

Protection of the heart
Anchors to surrounding structures
Prevents overfilling

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5
Q

What is the function of the heart ?

A

It is a muscular double pump generating blood flow around the system.

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6
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart ?

A

Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle

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7
Q

What are auricles ?

A

Extensions of the atria of the heart.

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8
Q

What is the function of the auricles of the heart ?

A

Their purpose is to increase the capacity of the atrium and also increase the volume of blood that is able to contain.

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9
Q

How would you describe the blood flow in the heart ?

A

Unidirectional blood flow
Valves - prevent back flow of blood

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10
Q

Arterial System

A

The conductance vessels that carry blood around the body.

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11
Q

Venous System

A

The conductance vessels that store and return blood to the heart

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12
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the chambers - ventricles

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13
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation, chambers filling with blood.

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14
Q

Microcirculation

A

Where transfer of nutrients, waste and water occurs.

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15
Q

What forms the base of the heart, lying posteriorly ?

A

The left atrium

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16
Q

What forms the inferior diaphragmatic surface ?

A

The left ventricle mainly

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17
Q

What forms the sternocostal surface of the heart ?

A

Mainly the right atrium and ventricle.
Anterior view of the heart

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18
Q

What is the order of blood flow in pulmonary circulation ?

A

Vena Cava
RA —-> RV
Pulmonary trunk
PA
Lung Capillaries
PV
LA —-> LV
Aorta —> Arteries —> Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules —> Veins —> Vena Cava

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19
Q

What is the typical blood volume circulating?

A

5L

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20
Q

What are some features of the Right Atrium ?

A

Has the vena cava (superior and inferior), has a coronary sinus.

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21
Q

Through which valve does blood flow out of the Right Atrium into the Right Ventricle ?

A

The tricuspid valve

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22
Q

What is the Fossa Ovalis ?

A

Site of foramen ovale in the foetus.

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23
Q

What structures are located in the Left Atrium ?

A

Pulmonary Veins

24
Q

What is the function of the left atrium ?

A

It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, via the 4 pulmonary veins.

25
Q

What are some features of the left ventricle ?

A

Has :

  • Aortic Valve
  • Mitral Valve
  • papillary muscle
  • muscular ridges
26
Q

What structure do both pulmonary and aortic valves contain ?

A

Semi Lunar cusps

27
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries ?

A

Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. The blood contains oxygen and nutrients.

28
Q

Which coronary artery is bigger, the right or left ?

A

The left coronary artery

29
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from ?

A

The aortic sinuses, just above the valve cusps.

30
Q

What is the function of the left coronary artery ?

A

The left main coronary artery supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle (the left ventricle and left atrium).

31
Q

What is the function of the right coronary artery ?

A

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right ventricle, the right atrium, and the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes, which regulate the heart rhythm.

32
Q

Where do the anterior cardiac veins drain into ?

A

The right atrium

33
Q

Where do the veins of the heart converge onto ?

A

The coronary sinus, which enters the right atrium.

34
Q

Do the LHS and RHS of the heart contract at the same time.

A

The left and right side of the heart both contract at the same time, and in a balanced symmetry.

35
Q

Describe the cardiac conducting system.

A

It starts at the beginning of one heartbeat and ends at the beginning of another.

  1. The SA node initiates an impulse (depolarisation) which is conducted in the atria.
  2. This causes the atria to contract.
  3. The impulse (depolarisation) then spreads to the AV node
  4. The impulse is then conducted into the bundle of His, down the interventricular septum.
  5. The bundle of His and the Purkinje fibres spread the wave impulses along the ventricles, causing them to contract.
36
Q

How is the SA node controlled ?

A

It is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

37
Q

Where does blood become oxygenated ?

A

The lungs

38
Q

Where is blood volume regulated ?

A

The kidneys

39
Q

In what ways is the circulatory system integrated with organ systems ?

A

Bulk flow of materials
Temperature regulation
Host Defence
Homeostasis

40
Q

Name the vessels that transport deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary Artery
Vena Cava
Hepatic Vein

41
Q

Name the vessels that transport oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary Vein
Aorta
Hepatic Artery
Renal Artery

42
Q

Hepatic Vein

A

Drains the venous blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava.

43
Q

Hepatic Artery

A

A short vessel that primarily supplies blood to the liver, as well as the gallbladder and part of the stomach.

44
Q

Renal Artery

A

The renal arteries are large blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your kidneys.

45
Q

What are all blood vessels lined with ?

A

Endothelial cells

46
Q

What are chordae tendinae ?

A

The chordae tendinae are strings that attach to the papillary muscles within the heart.

47
Q

Describe the function of the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles.

A

The papillary muscles (PM) play a vital role in atrioventricular (AV) valve function. The PM and their chordae tendineae (CT) regulate the closure of the AV valve during systole.

48
Q

Function of the chordae tendinae

A

The chordae tendinae hold the atrioventricular valves in place while the heart is pumping blood.

49
Q

Function of the papillary muscle

A

The papillary muscles are attached to the atrioventricular valves and they prevent inversion or prolapse of the valves during ventricular contraction.

50
Q

Where are chordae tendinae and papillary muscle located ?

A

The walls of the ventricles

51
Q

Pulmonary valve location

A

Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

52
Q

Aortic valve location

A

Located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

53
Q

What are atrioventricular valves ?

A

The tricuspid valve and mitral (bicuspid) valve. They are located between the atria and corresponding ventricle.

54
Q

What are semi-lunar valves ?

A

The pulmonary valve and aortic valve. They are located between the ventricles and their corresponding artery, and regulate the flow of blood leaving the heart.

55
Q

What happens to the semi-lunar valves during systole ?

A

The cusps are forced against the wall.
The valves are open

56
Q

What happens to the semi-lunar valves during diastole ?

A

Blood flows back towards the heart, filling the sinuses and pushing the valve cusps together.
The valves are closed.

Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 (37 decks)

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