Primary Tissues

Question 1

What are the 4 tissue types ?

Answer 1

Epithelial
Nervous
Muscle
Connective

Question 2

Tissue

Answer 2

A group of specialised cells with a distinct function.

Question 3

Differentiation

Answer 3

The process by which cells become specialised in structure and function.

Question 4

Stem Cells

Answer 4

Unspecialised cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialised cells. They undergo asymmetric division.

Question 5

Where are stem cells found ?

Answer 5

In the early embryo (pluripotent)
They can also be found in tissues

Question 6

What is an originator cell ?

Answer 6

A stem cell

Question 7

What type of division do stem cells undergo ?

Answer 7

Asymmetric division

Question 8

How is gene expression regulated ?

Answer 8

It is regulated by transcription factors.

Question 9

Morphology types of tissue

Answer 9

Epithelial and Connective tissue

Question 10

Function types of tissue

Answer 10

Muscles and Nerves

Question 11

Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular ?

Answer 11

Avascular

Question 12

Function of platelets

Answer 12

Coagulation

Question 13

In epithelial tissue where are nutrients and oxygen obtained from ?

Answer 13

Capillaries of the connective tissue which the basement membrane of the epithelial tissue rests.

Question 14

Endothelium

Answer 14

Epithelium that lines the blood vessels and heart.
They are simple squamous.

Question 15

Mesothelium

Answer 15

Epithelium that lines and encloses the constituents of body cavities, such as pericardial, abdominal and pleural cavities.

Question 16

Primary Cilia

Answer 16

Found in most animal cells
Senses extracellular signals
Odorant/photoreceptor receptors found here

Question 17

Motile Cilia

Answer 17

Responsible for cell movement

Question 18

What are the 2 cell types that nervous tissue consists of ?

Answer 18

• Nerve cells
• Glial / Supporting cells

Question 19

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system ?

Answer 19

CNS
PNS

Question 20

What is the structure of neurons ?

Answer 20

Dendrites
Cell body (SOMA)
Axon
Synapse

Question 21

Axon end bulb

Answer 21

The site of chemical neurotransmitter release.

Question 22

Function of dendrites

Answer 22

Direct stimulus towards the cell

Question 23

Function of axon

Answer 23

Directs the stimulus away from the cell

Question 24

How is neurotransmitter released and what happens after this ?

Answer 24

Neurotransmitter is released via exocytosis into the synaptic cleft.

These molecules are then moved along microtubules.

These stages require energy, so mitochondria release that in the form of ATP.

Question 25

What are the 2 classes of glial cells in the CNS ?

Answer 25

Macroglia Microglia

Question 26

Macroglia cell examples

Answer 26

Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Astrocytes

Question 27

Microglia cell examples

Answer 27

Resident immune cells and phagocytes

Question 28

What are the glial cells of the PNS ?

Answer 28

Schwann cells Satellite cells

Question 29

Schwann Cells

Answer 29

Involved in myelination

Question 30

Satellite cells

Answer 30

Support cells in ganglia

Question 31

Astrocytes

Answer 31

Most common type of glial cell in the CNS. They surround and insulate synapses. Inactivation of glutamate to glutamine and recycling of glutamine

Question 32

What are 3 types of muscle tissue ?

Answer 32

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Question 33

Sacrolemma

Answer 33

Cell Membrane

Question 34

Sacroplasm

Answer 34

Cytoplasm - holds actin and myosin

Question 35

What do all muscle tissues contain ?

Answer 35

Actin and Myosin

Question 36

Skeletal Muscle Features

Answer 36

STRIATED Multi-nucleated cells Voluntary

Question 37

Cardiac Muscle Features

Answer 37

STRIATED Branched Large number of mitochondria

Question 38

Smooth Muscle Features

Answer 38

Non-Striated Involuntary Spindle shaped cells Cell borders rarely seen

Question 39

What are the 4 types of Connective Tissue ?

Answer 39

Fibrocollagenous Tissue Cartilage, bone and teeth Adipose tissue Blood

Question 40

Major Feature of connective tissues

Answer 40

Mix of different cells Mix of extracellular matrix

Question 41

What does the extracellular matrix contain ?

Answer 41

Fibrous proteins Structural carbohydrates and proteins Mineral deposits

Question 42

Fibroblasts

Answer 42

Synthesise fibrous proteins e.g. collagens, elastins and extracellular matrix components (proteoglycans)

Question 43

Macrophages

Answer 43

Present antigens to stimulate immune cells.

Question 44

Mast cells

Answer 44

Synthesise histamine and other mediators of inflammation.

Question 45

Plasma Cells

Answer 45

Synthesise antibodies

Question 46

Where is loose fibrocollagenous tissue found ?

Answer 46

Around epithelia/ organs

Question 47

Where is dense fibrocollagenous tissue found ?

Answer 47

Tendons Ligaments

Question 48

Types of Fibrocollagenous Tissue

Answer 48

Loose Dense Reticular

Question 49

Where is reticular fibrocollagenous tissue found ?

Answer 49

Liver Lymph nodes

Question 50

3 types of Cartilage

Answer 50

Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage

Question 51

What does cartilage lack ?

Answer 51

Blood vessels So exchange of material is via diffusion

Question 52

How does bone differ from cartilage ?

Answer 52

Bone differs in ECM content. The ECM contains more collagen fibres and the matrix is highly mineralised.

Question 53

What are the 2 types of fat in adipose tissue ?

Answer 53

White Fat Brown Fat

Question 54

Function of White Fat

Answer 54

Energy storage, insulation, protection Has 1 fat droplet and is the most abundant type of fat.

Question 55

Function of brown fat

Answer 55

Heat production Many fat droplets and many mitochondria.

Question 56

What is adipose tissue ?

Answer 56

A specialised type of connective tissue