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Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 > Primary Tissues > Flashcards

Primary Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 tissue types ?

A

Epithelial
Nervous
Muscle
Connective

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2
Q

Tissue

A

A group of specialised cells with a distinct function.

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3
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which cells become specialised in structure and function.

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4
Q

Stem Cells

A

Unspecialised cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialised cells. They undergo asymmetric division.

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5
Q

Where are stem cells found ?

A

In the early embryo (pluripotent)
They can also be found in tissues

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6
Q

What is an originator cell ?

A

A stem cell

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7
Q

What type of division do stem cells undergo ?

A

Asymmetric division

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8
Q

How is gene expression regulated ?

A

It is regulated by transcription factors.

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9
Q

Morphology types of tissue

A

Epithelial and Connective tissue

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10
Q

Function types of tissue

A

Muscles and Nerves

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11
Q

Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular ?

A

Avascular

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12
Q

Function of platelets

A

Coagulation

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13
Q

In epithelial tissue where are nutrients and oxygen obtained from ?

A

Capillaries of the connective tissue which the basement membrane of the epithelial tissue rests.

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14
Q

Endothelium

A

Epithelium that lines the blood vessels and heart.
They are simple squamous.

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15
Q

Mesothelium

A

Epithelium that lines and encloses the constituents of body cavities, such as pericardial, abdominal and pleural cavities.

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16
Q

Primary Cilia

A

Found in most animal cells
Senses extracellular signals
Odorant/photoreceptor receptors found here

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17
Q

Motile Cilia

A

Responsible for cell movement

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18
Q

What are the 2 cell types that nervous tissue consists of ?

A
  • Nerve cells
  • Glial / Supporting cells
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19
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system ?

A

CNS
PNS

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20
Q

What is the structure of neurons ?

A

Dendrites
Cell body (SOMA)
Axon
Synapse

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21
Q

Axon end bulb

A

The site of chemical neurotransmitter release.

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22
Q

Function of dendrites

A

Direct stimulus towards the cell

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23
Q

Function of axon

A

Directs the stimulus away from the cell

24
Q

How is neurotransmitter released and what happens after this ?

A

Neurotransmitter is released via exocytosis into the synaptic cleft.

These molecules are then moved along microtubules.

These stages require energy, so mitochondria release that in the form of ATP.

25
Q

What are the 2 classes of glial cells in the CNS ?

A

Macroglia
Microglia

26
Q

Macroglia cell examples

A

Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Astrocytes

27
Q

Microglia cell examples

A

Resident immune cells and phagocytes

28
Q

What are the glial cells of the PNS ?

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

29
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Involved in myelination

30
Q

Satellite cells

A

Support cells in ganglia

31
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most common type of glial cell in the CNS. They surround and insulate synapses.
Inactivation of glutamate to glutamine and recycling of glutamine

32
Q

What are 3 types of muscle tissue ?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

33
Q

Sacrolemma

A

Cell Membrane

34
Q

Sacroplasm

A

Cytoplasm
- holds actin and myosin

35
Q

What do all muscle tissues contain ?

A

Actin and Myosin

36
Q

Skeletal Muscle Features

A

STRIATED
Multi-nucleated cells
Voluntary

37
Q

Cardiac Muscle Features

A

STRIATED
Branched
Large number of mitochondria

38
Q

Smooth Muscle Features

A

Non-Striated
Involuntary
Spindle shaped cells
Cell borders rarely seen

39
Q

What are the 4 types of Connective Tissue ?

A

Fibrocollagenous Tissue
Cartilage, bone and teeth
Adipose tissue
Blood

40
Q

Major Feature of connective tissues

A

Mix of different cells
Mix of extracellular matrix

41
Q

What does the extracellular matrix contain ?

A

Fibrous proteins
Structural carbohydrates and proteins
Mineral deposits

42
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Synthesise fibrous proteins e.g. collagens, elastins and extracellular matrix components (proteoglycans)

43
Q

Macrophages

A

Present antigens to stimulate immune cells.

44
Q

Mast cells

A

Synthesise histamine and other mediators of inflammation.

45
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Synthesise antibodies

46
Q

Where is loose fibrocollagenous tissue found ?

A

Around epithelia/ organs

47
Q

Where is dense fibrocollagenous tissue found ?

A

Tendons
Ligaments

48
Q

Types of Fibrocollagenous Tissue

A

Loose
Dense
Reticular

49
Q

Where is reticular fibrocollagenous tissue found ?

A

Liver
Lymph nodes

50
Q

3 types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

51
Q

What does cartilage lack ?

A

Blood vessels
So exchange of material is via diffusion

52
Q

How does bone differ from cartilage ?

A

Bone differs in ECM content. The ECM contains more collagen fibres and the matrix is highly mineralised.

53
Q

What are the 2 types of fat in adipose tissue ?

A

White Fat
Brown Fat

54
Q

Function of White Fat

A

Energy storage, insulation, protection

Has 1 fat droplet and is the most abundant type of fat.

55
Q

Function of brown fat

A

Heat production

Many fat droplets and many mitochondria.

56
Q

What is adipose tissue ?

A

A specialised type of connective tissue

Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 (37 decks)

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