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Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 > MS System - Bones > Flashcards

MS System - Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the functional anatomy of a long bone

A

Epiphysis - Top/End of the bone - mainly made of trabecular bone
Metaphysis - connects the epiphysis and diaphysis at the neck of the bone, region of growth during
development
Diaphysis - Shaft of the bone, mainly made of cortical bone

Bone marrow is contained in the diaphysis

Periosteum - fibrous connective tissue sheath covering cortical bone

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2
Q

Name some types of long bone

A

Humerus, Tibia, Femur, Fibula, Ulna, Radius, Metacarpals and Phalanges

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3
Q

What is the structure of cancellous bone ?

A

Spongy trabecular bone
Give supporting strength to weight bearing ends of bone
The trabeculae are laid down along lines of stress
The gaps in the trabecular bone contain, osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, lacuna etc.

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4
Q

What is the structure of compact bone ?

A

Cortical, strong bone
On the outside of the bone, forms the shaft of long bones
Provides stiffness and strength

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5
Q

Haematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation in bone marrow

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6
Q

What is cartilage ?

A

Strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone (NOT CALCIFIED)

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7
Q

What is bone ?

A

Flexible cartilage hardened by minerals

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8
Q

What would happen to bones without

  1. Collagen ?
  2. Minerals ?
A
  1. Shatter
  2. Become bendy
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9
Q

Epiphysis

A

Flared end of the long bone
Articular Surface
Covered in hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the long bone
Hollow cylinder
Contains bone marrow
Porous

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11
Q

Nutrient Foramen

A

Small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment (via blood supply)

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12
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous connective tissue sheath, covering external bone surfaces that supplies blood, nerves and cells

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13
Q

What 3 cell types are present in the periosteum ?

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Mesenchymal cells
  3. Osteoclasts
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14
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Cells that synthesise collagen

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15
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Able to differentiate into osteoblasts and chondroblasts

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16
Q

Metaphysis

A

Growth zone between the epiphysis and diaphysis during growth in childhood.

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17
Q

What are the 2 major types of bone ?

A
  1. Trabecullar
  2. Cortical
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18
Q

Are all bone cells in contact with blood vessels ?

A

No, for example osteocytes

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19
Q

In what formation do cortical bones arrange themselves ?

A

Concentric circles

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20
Q

Haversian canals

A

Carry blood vertically

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21
Q

Volkman’s canals

A

Carry blood perpendicularly through bone.

22
Q

What is the anatomical unit of cortical bone ?

A

Osteon

23
Q

What type of fibres are located inside of cortical bone ?

A

Collagen

24
Q

What characteristic do network fibres provide to cortical bone ?

A

Flexibility and strength

25
Q

Which compound adds strength and hardens cortical bone ?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

26
Q

What is the anatomical unit of trabecular bone ?

A

Trabecula

27
Q

How is collagen arranged in the bone matrix ?

A

Highly organised in parallel arrangement.

28
Q

Vitamin D function

A

Regulates the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body

29
Q

Rickets

A

Vit D deficiency

30
Q

Vitamin C function

A

A nutrient the body needs for blood vessels, cartilage, muscle and collagen.

31
Q

Scurvy

A

Vit C deficiency

32
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells
- Single nucleus
- Covers the surface of the bone
- Forms an osseous matrix and becomes enclosed as an osteocyte

33
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Chew bone matrix by demineralisation
- Multinucleated cells derived from haematopoietic cells

  • Respond to mechanical stress and physiological demands
34
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells
- Relatively inactive
- Maintains bone matrix via cell-cell communication

35
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Bone stem cells

36
Q

Life cycle of osteoblasts

A

Derived from osteoprogenitor cells
Stimulated to form bone at specific sites
Deposition of organic matrix (collagen) then hydroxyapatite
Eventually become entombed in mineral to form osteocytes

37
Q

What 2 things regulate osteoclasts ?

A

Hormones
Osteoblasts

38
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts releasing H+ and hydrolytic enzymes ?

A

Dissolve minerals
Liberate calcium
Break down the extracellular matrix

39
Q

Where are osteocytes found ?

A

Embedded in the bone matrix (lacunae)

40
Q

Lacunae

A

small cavities in the bone that contain osteocytes

41
Q

How do osteocytes communicate ?

A

Finger like projections in canaliculi
GAP junctions

42
Q

How is the equilibrium between osteoblast and osteoclast activity controlled ?

A

Signalling between different cells in bone

Hormone signalling

43
Q

Calcitonin

A

Lowers activity of osteoclasts and blood calcium levels

44
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases activity of osteoclasts and blood calcium levels

45
Q

4 stages of TRABECULAR bone remodelling

A
  1. Quiescence
  2. Resorption by osteoclasts
    (burrowing into bone structure)
  3. Osteoprogenator cells triggered (differentiate into osteoblasts)
  4. Osteoblasts lay down new bone
46
Q

3 stages of CORTICAL bone remodelling

A
  1. Osteoclasts reabsorb bone
  2. Osteoblasts lay down a new matrix
  3. Osteoblasts become embedded and become osteocytes
47
Q

Wolf’s Law

A

Bone ADAPTS to the load under which it is placed

“Use it or Lose it”

48
Q

Causes of bone mass and density increase (1)

A

Excessive mechanical simulation

49
Q

Causes of bone mass density decrease (3)

A

Non weight bearing (Immobilisation)
Sex hormone deficiency (Menopause)
Endocrine and nutritional disorders

50
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A pathological condition where chewing outweighs the building

51
Q

Where does bone growth begin during fetal life ?

A

Diaphysis

52
Q

Name the 5 zones in bone lengthening

A

Resting zone - chondroblasts

Growth zone - mitosis of chondroblasts, forming columns

Hypertrophic zone - chondroblasts become chondrocytes

Calcification zone - chondrocytes deposit minerals between the columns. This destroys the chondrocytes.

Ossification zone - columns break down, osteoblasts lay down new disorganised bone which is eventually remodelled by osteoclasts and blasts.

Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 (37 decks)

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