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Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 > Structure of Lungs > Flashcards

Structure of Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the respiratory portion ?

A

Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract

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2
Q

What structures are found in the upper tract ?

A

Nasal Cavity
Nasopharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea

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3
Q

What structures are found in the lower tract ?

A

Main bronchi
Branch bronchi
Small bronchi
Bronchioles
Distal respiratory tree

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4
Q

What structure surrounds the trachea posteriorly ?

A

Oesophagus

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5
Q

What are bronchi ?

A

Continuation of trachea, have smooth muscle and complete cartilage rings.

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6
Q

Where do the bronchi receive blood from ?

A

The bronchial arteries, one right and 2 left

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7
Q

Features of bronchi

A

As number increases, the size individually decreases but the total surface area increases.

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8
Q

State the generation from trachea to alveolar sacs.

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

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9
Q

What forms around alveoli ?

A

Capillary beds

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10
Q

What is an advantage of alveoli being one cell thick ?

A

This provides a large surface area for efficient gas exchange.

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11
Q

Briefly describe how the trachea and bronchi divide and extend into the lung.

A

In the mediastinum, at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra, the trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi.

The bronchi branch into smaller and smaller passageways until they terminate in tiny air sacs called alveoli.

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12
Q

What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium ?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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13
Q

What is the trachea ?

A

The trachea, or windpipe, is a 10-11 cm long fibrocartilaginous tube of the lower respiratory tract.

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14
Q

What is the function of the trachea ?

A

Air transport in and out of the lungs;
Protection of the respiratory tract by warming and moistening the air and propelling foreign particles upwards towards the pharynx for expulsion.

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15
Q

What is the position of the trachea ?

A

The trachea extends between the larynx and thorax, consisting of two parts; cervical and thoracic.

It ends at the level of the sternal angle (T5) where it divides into two main bronchi, one for each lung.

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16
Q

What are the 4 layers of the trachea ?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Musculocartilagenous layer
Fibroelastic adventitia

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17
Q

Mucosa

A

Innermost layer lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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18
Q

Submucosa

A

Consists of connective tissue, which contains mucus glands, smooth muscle, vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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19
Q

Musculocartiagenous layer

A

Represented by cartilaginous rings and intervening smooth muscle

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20
Q

What substances make up the bronchi ?

A

Respiratory epithelia
Smooth muscle
Hyloid cartilage

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21
Q

What substances make up the bronchioles ?

A

Respiratory epithelium
Smooth muscle

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22
Q

What substances make up the terminal bronchiole ?

A

Sparse smooth muscle
Club cells
Alveoli

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23
Q

What are pneumocytes ?

A

The cells that line the alveoli and comprise of the majority of the inner surface of the lungs.

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24
Q

Club cells - epithelium type

A

Non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium

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25
Q

Club cell function

A

Produces protective secretions

26
Q

Goblet cells that line the trachea function

A

Secrete mucus which traps any unwanted substances

27
Q

What is the pleural cavity ?

A

A fluid filled space that surrounds the lungs.

28
Q

Where is the pleural cavity found ?

A

In the thorax, separating the lungs from its surrounding structures.

29
Q

What is the pleural cavity bounded by ?

A

A double layered serous membrane called pleura

30
Q

How is pleura formed ?

A

By an inner visceral pleura and outer parietal layer.

31
Q

What is found between the 2 layers of pleura ?

A

A small amount of serous fluid is held within the cavity.

32
Q

Function of the serous fluid in the pleural cavity

A

The lubricated cavity allows the lungs to move more freely during breathing.

33
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Lines the boundaries of the cavity

34
Q

Costal pleura

A

Lines the thoracic wall

35
Q

Diaphragmatic pleura

A

Lines the diaphragm

36
Q

Mediastinal pleura

A

Lines the mediastinum

37
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Lines the surface of the lung itself

38
Q

Parietal vs Visceral pleura

A

Parietal pleura is thicker and more durable outer layer, whereas visceral pleura is more delicate, thinner layer.

39
Q

Mediastinum

A

Contains the heart

40
Q

Name the surfaces of the lungs

A

Costal pleura
Medial (mediastinal & vertebral) pleura
Diaphragmatic pleura

41
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung ?

A

Superior
Inferior

42
Q

What are the fissures of the left lung ?

A

Oblique

43
Q

What are the lobes of the right lung ?

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

44
Q

What are the fissures of the right lung ?

A

Oblique
Horizontal

45
Q

Blood supply in the lungs

A

Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Superior and inferior pulmonary arteries
Intercostobronchial trunk & Thoracic aorta
Bronchial arteries

46
Q

List the structures passing through the root of each lung

A

Main bronchus
Pulmonary Artery (deoxygenated blood to lung)
Pulmonary Veins (2, oxygenated blood to the heart)
Bronchial arteries
Lymph nodes and vessels

47
Q

What is inspiration ?

A

The process of transporting air into the lungs

48
Q

What happens during inspiration ?

A

The diaphragm contracts

The external intercostal muscles contract

The thoracic cavity expands

Air enters the lungs

49
Q

What is expiration ?

A

The process of transporting air out of the lungs

50
Q

What happens during expiration ?

A

The diaphragm relaxes

The external intercostal muscles relax

The thoracic cavity reduces

Air exits the lungs

51
Q

Name some common pathologies that may affect the lungs and pleural cavities

A

Asthma
COPD
Cancer
Foreign body aspiration
Pneumothorax
Pneumonia
Cystic fibrosis

52
Q

What causes asthma ?

A

Inflammation of the airways, therefore a reduced diameter.

53
Q

What drug is used to treat asthma ?

A

Salbutamol

54
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

55
Q

Risk factor for COPD

A

Smoking

56
Q

Results of COPD

A

Mucus hyper secretion
Destruction of alveoli

57
Q

Where is cancer primarily found in the lungs ?

A

Bronchial carcinoma

58
Q

Foreign body aspiration

A

Items have a tendency to the right main bronchus, as it is wider, shorter and more vertical

59
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in pleural cavity, collapsed lung

60
Q

Pneumonia

A

Affects the lobe/segment

61
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Mucus is too thick due to abnormal ionic compression

Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 (37 decks)

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