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Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 > Structure & Function of Skin > Flashcards

Structure & Function of Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Epithelial tissue

A

Cover surfaces with sheets cells.
Have function in secretion, barrier & protection,
strength & support

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2
Q

What is the epidermis ?

A

The most superficial layer of the skin. Avascular.

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3
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis ?

A

The epidermis comprised of several layers (bottom to top)

  • stratum basale
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
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4
Q

What does the number of layers and thickness of the epidermis depend on ?

A

Location in the body

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5
Q

What are the main cells of the epidermis ?

A

Keratinocytes

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6
Q

Where do keratinocytes originate ?

A

In the basal layer and produce the main protein of the epidermis called keratin.

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7
Q

What other cells are found in the epidermis ?

A

Melanocytes
Langerhan’s cells
Merkel’s cells

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8
Q

What is the function of melanocytes ?

A

Produce skin pigment

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9
Q

What is the function of Langerhan’s cells ?

A

Immune, antigen- presenting cells

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10
Q

What is the function of Merkel’s cells ?

A

Mechanoreceptors for light-touch

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11
Q

Function of the epidermis

A

Protection, skin regeneration, skin colour

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12
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Outermost layer
Made up of mature keratinocytes.
Keratinised squamous epithelium.

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13
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Only found in areas of thicker skin.

Clear on histological slides.

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14
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Mature keratinocytes, contains granules in the cytoplasm.
No nuclei

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15
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Connect by desmosomes
Langerhan’s cells are most abundant here.

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16
Q

Stratum basale

A

Cells are attached to the basement membrane, hemidesmosomes.

Cell division and grow (mitosis)

Contains melanocytes.

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17
Q

How is the dermis anchored to the basal lamina ?

A

By Collagen 7

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18
Q

Where is the dermis located ?

A

Deep the the epidermis.
VASCULAR.

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19
Q

Function of the dermis

A

To sustain and support the epidermis, as it has blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen.

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20
Q

What does the dermis contain ?

A

Fibroblasts
Collagen

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21
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis ?

A

Papillary dermis
Reticular dermis

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22
Q

What is the papillary dermis ?

A

The most superficial layer of the dermis.

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23
Q

Function of the papillary dermis

A

Increases the surface area for the transfer of oxygen and nutrients between the dermis and epidermis.

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24
Q

What is the papillary dermis made up of ?

A

Fine collagen and elastin fibres.

Small blood vessels and nerves.

i.e. Loose connective tissue

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25
Q

What is the reticular dermis ?

A

The deep layer of the dermis.

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26
Q

What is the reticular dermis made up of ?

A

Courses collagen & elastin fibres

Large blood vessels and nerves

i.e. thicker connective tissue

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27
Q

What does the reticular dermis surround ?

A

Hair follicles
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Nerves
Plexus of blood vessels

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28
Q

Other structures in the dermis

A

Appendages

29
Q

Name some appendages

A

Hair follicles
Glands
Arrector pili muscle
Tactile corpuscles

30
Q

What is a hair follicle ?

A

A sac-like down growth of the dermis and epidermis out of which hair grows.

31
Q

Hair follicle structure

A

Hair follicles are anchored in the hypodermis.

Hair shaft grows form the bulb and is made of keratin.

32
Q

What other 2 structures are associated with the hair follicle ?

A

Sebaceous glands
Arrector pili

33
Q

What are the components of a Pilo-sebaceous unit ?

A

Hair follicle
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili

34
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands ?

A

Exocrine glands that secrete sebum to lubricate hair and adjacent skin.

35
Q

What is the function of the arrector pili ?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle attached to the papillary dermis and pulls the hair upright (goosebumps) controlled by the SNS.

36
Q

What so the sebaceous glands look like ?

A

Raspberry shaped.

37
Q

What are exocrine glands ?

A

Glands which have ducts that open to the outside of the body or to a cavity inside the body.

38
Q

Sweat gland location

A

In the dermis and hypodermis.
(ALL over the body)

39
Q

Function of the sweat glands

A

Thermoregulation
Also a response to ‘Fight or Flight’ - controlled by the SNS

40
Q

Tactile corpuscle function (Meissner’s corpuslce)

A

Facilitate the sensorial capabilities of the skin.
e.g.
Light touch
Vibration
Other sensations

41
Q

Hypodermis location

A

Deep to the dermis

42
Q

Hypodermis composition

A

Loose connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Nerve tissue etc.

43
Q

Function of adipose tissue

A

Energy storage
Shock absorption
Helps keep in heat

44
Q

What structures are found in the hypodermis ?

A

Deepest part of hair follicles
Eccrine and apocrine glands

45
Q

Subcutaneous vascular plexus function

A

Series of blood vessels that supply and drain the subcutis.

46
Q

Subdermal vessel plexus location

A

Network of blood vessels found at the level of the dermis.

47
Q

Vascular plexus function

A

Plays an important role in thermal regulation. These vessels are superficial to the layer of fat in the subcutis.

48
Q

Why are the vascular plexus vessels superficial to the layer of fat in the subcutis ?

A

Otherwise the fat which is essential is insulation would prevent those blood vessels from releasing heat.

49
Q

Cutaneous nerve function

A

Provide sensory innervation to the skin and have a number of sensory receptors.

50
Q

What is underneath the hypodermis ?

A

A layer of fascia which separates the hypodermis from the underlying muscle.

51
Q

Fascia meaning

A

Thin layer of fibrous connective tissue.

52
Q

Function of melanocytes

A

Synthesise and release brown pigment melanin.

Absorbs UV-B and prevents DNA damage to underlying cells of the hypodermis.

53
Q

What is melanoma ?

A

Tumour of melanocytes and is caused by exposure to UV radiation.

  • lower incidence in those who have more melanin.
54
Q

Function of Langerhan’s cells

A

Express Langerin which helps bind and degrade viruses such as HIV in specialised endosomes called Birbeck granules.

55
Q

Which intermediate filaments are expressed in the stratum spinosum ?

A

K1 and K10

56
Q

What is the function of filaggrin ?

A

Maintains the optimal skin barrier
Aids keratin filament aggregaation
Inhibits water loss.

57
Q

What is the precursor of filaggrin ?

A

Pro-filaggrin

58
Q

How does filaggrin inhibit water loss ?

A

Filaggrin cleaved into amino acids which aid in maintaining moisture.

59
Q

Key functions of the skin

A

Protection
Sensation
Homeostasis

60
Q

Lamina densa

A

Type 4 collagen

61
Q

Lamina reticulates

A

Type 7 collagen

62
Q

Mutation in collagen 7

A

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa = blistering

63
Q

Tyrosinase

A

Produced from RER and is responsible for synthesis of melanin

Converts melanocyte into melanin

64
Q

What is periodontal membrane ?

A

Periodontal membrane is a fibrous joint between the teeth and the skull.

65
Q

What is meant by cornification ?

A

Epidermal keratinocytes undergo a unique form of terminal differentiation and programmed cell death known as cornification.

66
Q

What happens in cornification ?

A

Cornification leads to the formation of the outermost skin barrier, i.e. the cornified layer, as well as to the formation of hair and nails

67
Q

Functions of the cornfied layer of skin

A

It prevents the penetration of allergens, pathogens (viruses and bacteria), chemical irritants and UV radiation, and the loss of body fluids.

68
Q

Results of filaggrin mutation

A

Mutations in the Filaggrin gene can cause absent or reduced filaggrin protein, leading to impaired keratinization and skin barrier defect.

Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 (37 decks)

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