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Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 > Blood Vessels & Lymphics > Flashcards

Blood Vessels & Lymphics Flashcards

1
Q

Name the vessels that transport deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary Artery
Vena Cava
Hepatic Vein

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2
Q

What are the different types of blood vessel ?

A

Elastic Arteries
Muscular Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Medium veins
Large veins

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3
Q

Tunica intima structure

A

Endothelium
Internal elastic layer (in larger arteries)

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4
Q

Describe the endothelium of the tunica intima

A

Lined with simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)

Deep to the endothelium is the basement membrane

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5
Q

Tunica media structure

A

Concentric layers of smooth muscle & elastic fibres
External elastic membrane
Contains sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibres

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6
Q

Tunica externa structure

A

Collagen fibres - Primarily type 1
Vasa vasorum

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7
Q

What are the layers that form arteries and veins?

A

(Endothelium)
Tunica interna
Tunica media
Tunica externa

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8
Q

Capillary structure

A

Basement membrane
Endothelial Cells

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9
Q

Tunica intima function

A

Creates the lumen

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10
Q

Tunica media function

A

Involved in vasoconstriction/dilation and controls blood pressure/flow.

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11
Q

Tunica externa function

A

Contains nerves and vasa vasorum

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12
Q

What is the tunica intima lined with ?

A

Simple squamous epithelium called the endothelium.

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13
Q

How does the tunica intima in arteries vary from that of veins ?

A

In arteries, the tunica intima contains an internal elastic membrane at the boundary which provides additional support.

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14
Q

How does the structure of arteries and veins differ ?

A

Arteries have a thicker tunica media and their tunica intima contains an internal elastic membrane.

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15
Q

What does vasoconstriction do to the lumen size ?

A

Decreases lumen size

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16
Q

What does vasodilation do to the lumen size ?

A

Relaxation, so lumen size widens

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17
Q

What is the thickest tunica in veins ?

A

Tunica externa

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18
Q

What is the thickest tunica in arteries ?

A

Tunica media

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19
Q

What is vasa vasorum ?

A

A network of small blood vessels in the largest vessels.

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20
Q

Where are the vasa vasorum found ?

A

Brach profusely in the externa and outer part of media.

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21
Q

What is the function of the vasa vasorum ?

A

Nourishes the outer layers and responds to nutrient need.

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22
Q

Where are elastic arteries found ?

A

Near the heart. They are large thick walled arteries.

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23
Q

What is a feature of elastic arteries ?

A

Large lumen, low resistance.
Expand during systole and recoil during diastole.

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24
Q

Name some arteries

A

Internal carotid a.
External carotid a.
Common carotid a.
Right Subclavian a.
Brachiocephalic trunk

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25
Q

Structure of muscular arteries

A

Have more smooth muscle and less elastic tissue than elastic arteries, in the tunica media.

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26
Q

What is the function of muscular arteries ?

A

More active in vasoconstriction :

Regulates blood flow
Controls distribution of blood to tissues

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27
Q

Ischaemic meaning

A

Inadequate blood supply (circulation) to a local area due to blockage of the blood vessels supplying the area.

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28
Q

Name the 5 upper limb arteries, starting from top to bottom.

A

Subclavian a.
Axillary a.
Brachial a.
Radial a.
Ulnar a.

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29
Q

What arches are derived from the radial and ulnar arteries ?

A

Deep & Superficial palmar arches

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30
Q

What is the function of arterial anastomosis ?

A

Ensures blood supply to the hand and fingers in any position of the upper limb.

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31
Q

Do joints have anastomoses around them ?

A

Yes ! All joints have anastomoses around them.

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32
Q

What is positioned around the femoral artery ?

A

The femoral vein lies medially, and the femoral nerve lies laterally, with the ferry artery in the middle.

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33
Q

Name the 7 lower limb arteries, from top to bottom.

A

Aorta
Common, internal, external iliac
Common, deep, superficial femoral
Popliteal
Anterior, posterior tibial
Tibio-peroneal trunk
Peroneal (fibular)

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34
Q

What is the structure of smaller arterioles ?

A

Tunica media (smooth muscle cells)
Basal lamina
Endothelium

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35
Q

What is the structure of larger arterioles ?

A

They have the 3 tunics

36
Q

What happens when arterioles constrict ?

A

There is an increase in resistance.
The controls the blood flow into capillary beds and blood pressure within tissues.

37
Q

Metarteriole

A

Capillary bed end of arteriole

38
Q

What do pre-capillary junctions contain ?

A

Sphincters control blood flow within the tissues.

39
Q

What is the structure of capillaries ?

A

Endothelial cells supported on a basal lamina.

They form a network called a capillary bed.

40
Q

What occurs at a capillary bed ?

A

Exchange of O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones between cells/interstitial fluid and blood via :

  • Active transport
  • Passive transport
41
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries ?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid

42
Q

What is the most common type of capillary ?

A

Continuous

43
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found ?

A

Skin, Muscle, Lungs, CNS

44
Q

What capillary bed type is least permeable ?

A

Continuous capillaries

45
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found ?

A

Kidneys, Small intestines and areas of hormone secretion.
This is due to them having large pores for active filtration.

46
Q

Which capillary bed type is most permeable ?

A

Sinusoid

47
Q

Which capillary type is least common ?

A

Sinusoid

48
Q

Where are sinusoid capillaries found ?

A

Liver, Bone Marrow, Spleen

49
Q

What types of molecules pass through sinusoid capillaries ?

A

Large molecules and cells

50
Q

How are venules formed ?

A

Capillaries unite to form venules

51
Q

How are veins formed ?

A

Venules unite to form veins

52
Q

How is the structure of veins different from arteries ?

A

The walls of veins are thinner, and lumen diameter greater than corresponding arteries.

53
Q

In veins how much muscle does the tunica media have ?

A

Little muscle

54
Q

Which is the thickest layer of tunica is veins ?

A

Tunica externa

55
Q

What is a key feature of venules/veins ?

A

They are extremely porous. White blood cells extravasate to sites of inflammation.

56
Q

Where are valves formed from ?

A

The tunica intima

57
Q

What do veins contain that prevents the back flow of blood ?

A

Valves

58
Q

What are the types of lower limb veins ?

A

Deep veins
Superficial veins

59
Q

Where do superficial veins lie ?

A

Immediately under the skin

60
Q

Where do deep veins lie ?

A

They are situated deeply and have the same names as the arteries. e.g. femoral vein.
They accompany limb arteries.

61
Q

Name 2 examples of superficial veins in the lower limbs

A

Great saphenous
Small saphenous

62
Q

How are deep and superficial veins connected ?

A

Via PERFORATING veins
Blood flow is from superficial to deep due to valves in perforating veins.

63
Q

What is the result of incompetency of valves ?

A

Varicose veins

64
Q

Examples of deep veins in the upper limbs from top to bottom

A

Subclavian vein
Axillary vein
Brachial vein splits off into :
Radial and Ulnar vein

65
Q

Examples of superficial veins in the upper limbs

A

Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Median cubital vein -connects the cephalic and basilic

66
Q

Where does blood from the lower limbs, pelvic organs, kidneys and abdominal was drain into ?

A

The inferior vena cava

67
Q

What is the function of the superior vena cava ?

A

It drains the venous blood of the head, neck and upper limbs into the right atrium.

68
Q

Where does blood from components of the gastro-intestinal tract and spleen return to ?

A

It forms the hepatic portal vein, which takes venous blood through the liver before it then joins the IVC (inferior vena cava)

69
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system ?

A

It collects interstitial fluid lost from the vascular capillary beds and returns it to SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

70
Q

What is the lymphatic system part of ?

A

It is part of the immune system, containing T and B lymphocytes.

71
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of ?

A

Lymph vessels, Lymph nodes, Tonsils, Thymus, Spleen and Interstitial walls

72
Q

What is the interstitial fluid called once it enters the lymph vessels ?

A

Lymph

73
Q

What is the structure of lymph capillaries ?

A

They are thin walled, endothelial tubes, permeable to fluid and proteins.

74
Q

What is lymph filtered by ?

A

Lymph nodes which are usually clustered at specific sites.

75
Q

What does lymph return rely on ?

A

Similar mechanisms to venous return

76
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain ?

A

The right side of the head/thorax and upper limb

77
Q

What does the thoracic duct do ?

A

It drains the rest of the body

78
Q

What is larger, the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct ?

A

The thoracic duct. It opens at the junction of the left subclavian / internal jugular veins.

79
Q

What do lymph nodes contain ?

A

Lymphocytes

80
Q

Inguinal lymph nodes

A

Drains lower limbs; buttock; external genitalia; lower back & abdominal wall

81
Q

Axillary Lymph nodes

A

Drains upper limb; thoracic walls, plus upper abdominal walls above umbilicus and breast.

82
Q

Cervical lymph nodes

A

Lie on either side of the neck.

Drains head and neck structures

83
Q

Where does lymph drain back into ?

A

Lymph travels from :

Lymph glands —-> Larger lymphatic vessels that join up —-> Thoracic duct (at the base of the neck) —-> Lymph is drained back to blood circulation.

84
Q

What is a disadvantage of the lymph system ?

A

Can be involved in the spread of cancer.

85
Q

Metastasis

A

Malignant cells may become detached from a primary tumour and can be carried along lymph vessels until they reach a lymph node where they may give rise to a secondary tumour.

86
Q

Edema

A

An excess of interstitial fluid, manifest as swelling

Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 (37 decks)

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