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Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 > MS System - Joints & Muscles > Flashcards

MS System - Joints & Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bone structure in utero ?

A

Cartilage

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2
Q

What are 2 components of the cartilage model in foetus development ?

A

Formed by chondroblasts
Reshaped by chondrocytes

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3
Q

Ossification

A

Replacement of cartilage by bone

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4
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Ossification in long bones

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5
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Ossification in flat bones

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6
Q

Primary ossification centre

A

Diaphysis

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7
Q

Secondary ossification centre

A

Epiphysis

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8
Q

What are the 3 aspects of bone growth at the epiphyseal plate ?

A

Bone is laid down in the diaphysis and at the epiphysis.
Bony parts are separated by a plate of cartilage
As long as the plate of cartilage is present and active, bone increases in length.

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9
Q

What are the 5 sites of bone lengthening at the epiphyseal plate ?

A

Ossification zone
Calcification zone
Hypertrophic zone
Growth zone
Resting zone

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10
Q

How long do fractures take to heal ?

A

2-4 weeks depending on severity and position of fracture.

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11
Q

What 2 things can inflammation and additional blood flow lead to ?

A

Callus formation
- Osteoblasts quickly form woven bone
- Disorganised bone is weak as collagen fibres are irregular

Lamellar bone laid down
- Collagen organised in regular sheets
- Strength and resistance

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12
Q

Joint

A

The place where 2 or more bones meet

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13
Q

Function of joints (4)

A

Facilitates growth
Holds bones together
TRANSMITS FORCES
Enables movement

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14
Q

Arthro

A

Joint

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15
Q

Classification of Joints by Movement

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

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16
Q

Synarthroses

A

immobile/ fixed joints

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17
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Limited movement

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18
Q

Diarthroses

A

Variety of moveable joints

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19
Q

Classification of joints by Soft Tissue structure

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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20
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Virtually no movement

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21
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Limited or no movement

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22
Q

Synovial Joints

A

A variety of movement

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23
Q

Where are fibrous joints found ?

A
  • Sutures
  • Gomphoses
  • Syndesmoses
24
Q

Sutures

A

Thick connective tissues
composed of type 1 collagen fibres

25
Q

Gomphoses

A

Collagen fibres which secure teeth into bone of the tooth socket.

26
Q

Syndesmoses

A

Fibrous membrane between adjacent bones e.g. radioulna or tibiofibula

27
Q

Ligament between radioulna or tibiofibular joints

A

Interosseous ligament

28
Q

Where are cartilaginous joints found ?

A
  • Synchondroses
  • Symphyses
29
Q

Where are the synchondroses found ?

A

Head and shaft of long bones
Found on the rib cage
Found in epiphyseal plates in growing bones

30
Q

Synchondroses

A

Primary cartilaginous joint
Has hyaline cartilage
Found on the head and shaft of long bones and the rib cage

31
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Allows bone growth during adolescence and eventually ossifies.

32
Q

Symphyses

A

Secondary Cartilaginous joint
Often occurs in the midline
Hyaline and fibrocartilage - provides limited movement

33
Q

Where are the symphyses found ?

A

Pubic Symphyses
Between adjacent vertebrae - (VERTEBRAL COLUMN)
Manubriosternal joint

34
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Diarthroses
enables movement

35
Q

Structure of synovial joints

A

Fibrous capsule
Filled with synovial fluid
Bones covered with articular cartilage

36
Q

Function of synovial joints

A

Frictionless
Load bearing
Withstands compression

37
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

Highly lubricating
Reduces friction between articular surfaces
Provides nutrients and O2 for articular cartilage and removes waste.

38
Q

What does synovial fluid contain ?

A

Hyaluronic acid rich
Lubricant
Phagocytic cells

39
Q

Features of Synovial Joints

A

Articular cartilage
Synovial Membrane

40
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Secretes synovial fluid
Collagenous tissue that lines the fibrous capsule

41
Q

Ligaments

A

Dense bands of fibrous connective tissue and collagen.
Connect bones

42
Q

Function of ligaments

A

Restrict movement, protecting the joint from damage

43
Q

Intrinsic ligaments

A

Within / parts of the fibrous capsule

44
Q

Extrinsic Ligaments

A

External to the capsule

45
Q

Bursae

A

Closed sacs lined with synovial membrane, lubricated with fluid

46
Q

Where are bursae found ?

A

Found where friction occurs
Between skin and bone
Between tendons and joints

47
Q

Synovial sheaths

A

Specialised bursae, surround tendons where they are subject to pressure.

48
Q

Factors influencing Synovial Joint Stability (3)

A

Articular Surfaces
Ligaments
Muscle Tone

49
Q

Types of Synovial Joint (6)

A

plane
hinge
ball & socket
saddle
pivot
condyloid

50
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

51
Q

Superficial fascia

A

On the surface

52
Q

Deep fascia

A

Inside
Separates tissue

53
Q

Agonist

A

The prime mover

54
Q

Synergist

A

Additional force to prevent undesirable actions

55
Q

Antagonist

A

Oppose the movement

56
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative disease
Weight bearing joints
Reduction in quality of articular cartilage

57
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune disease
Changes in synovium lead to destruction of articular cartilage.

Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 (37 decks)

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