MS System - Joints & Muscles

Question 1

What is the bone structure in utero ?

Answer 1

Cartilage

Question 2

What are 2 components of the cartilage model in foetus development ?

Answer 2

Formed by chondroblasts
Reshaped by chondrocytes

Question 3

Ossification

Answer 3

Replacement of cartilage by bone

Question 4

Endochondral ossification

Answer 4

Ossification in long bones

Question 5

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 5

Ossification in flat bones

Question 6

Primary ossification centre

Answer 6

Diaphysis

Question 7

Secondary ossification centre

Answer 7

Epiphysis

Question 8

What are the 3 aspects of bone growth at the epiphyseal plate ?

Answer 8

Bone is laid down in the diaphysis and at the epiphysis.
Bony parts are separated by a plate of cartilage
As long as the plate of cartilage is present and active, bone increases in length.

Question 9

What are the 5 sites of bone lengthening at the epiphyseal plate ?

Answer 9

Ossification zone
Calcification zone
Hypertrophic zone
Growth zone
Resting zone

Question 10

How long do fractures take to heal ?

Answer 10

2-4 weeks depending on severity and position of fracture.

Question 11

What 2 things can inflammation and additional blood flow lead to ?

Answer 11

Callus formation
- Osteoblasts quickly form woven bone
- Disorganised bone is weak as collagen fibres are irregular

Lamellar bone laid down
- Collagen organised in regular sheets
- Strength and resistance

Question 12

Joint

Answer 12

The place where 2 or more bones meet

Question 13

Function of joints (4)

Answer 13

Facilitates growth
Holds bones together
TRANSMITS FORCES
Enables movement

Question 14

Arthro

Answer 14

Joint

Question 15

Classification of Joints by Movement

Answer 15

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

Question 16

Synarthroses

Answer 16

immobile/ fixed joints

Question 17

Amphiarthroses

Answer 17

Limited movement

Question 18

Diarthroses

Answer 18

Variety of moveable joints

Question 19

Classification of joints by Soft Tissue structure

Answer 19

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 20

Fibrous Joints

Answer 20

Virtually no movement

Question 21

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 21

Limited or no movement

Question 22

Synovial Joints

Answer 22

A variety of movement

Question 23

Where are fibrous joints found ?

Answer 23

• Sutures
• Gomphoses
• Syndesmoses

Question 24

Sutures

Answer 24

Thick connective tissues
composed of type 1 collagen fibres

Question 25

Gomphoses

Answer 25

Collagen fibres which secure teeth into bone of the tooth socket.

Question 26

Syndesmoses

Answer 26

Fibrous membrane between adjacent bones e.g. radioulna or tibiofibula

Question 27

Ligament between radioulna or tibiofibular joints

Answer 27

Interosseous ligament

Question 28

Where are cartilaginous joints found ?

Answer 28

- Synchondroses - Symphyses

Question 29

Where are the synchondroses found ?

Answer 29

Head and shaft of long bones Found on the rib cage Found in epiphyseal plates in growing bones

Question 30

Synchondroses

Answer 30

Primary cartilaginous joint Has hyaline cartilage Found on the head and shaft of long bones and the rib cage

Question 31

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 31

Allows bone growth during adolescence and eventually ossifies.

Question 32

Symphyses

Answer 32

Secondary Cartilaginous joint Often occurs in the midline Hyaline and fibrocartilage - provides limited movement

Question 33

Where are the symphyses found ?

Answer 33

Pubic Symphyses Between adjacent vertebrae - (VERTEBRAL COLUMN) Manubriosternal joint

Question 34

Synovial Joints

Answer 34

Diarthroses enables movement

Question 35

Structure of synovial joints

Answer 35

Fibrous capsule Filled with synovial fluid Bones covered with articular cartilage

Question 36

Function of synovial joints

Answer 36

Frictionless Load bearing Withstands compression

Question 37

Synovial Fluid

Answer 37

Highly lubricating Reduces friction between articular surfaces Provides nutrients and O2 for articular cartilage and removes waste.

Question 38

What does synovial fluid contain ?

Answer 38

Hyaluronic acid rich Lubricant Phagocytic cells

Question 39

Features of Synovial Joints

Answer 39

Articular cartilage Synovial Membrane

Question 40

Synovial Membrane

Answer 40

Secretes synovial fluid Collagenous tissue that lines the fibrous capsule

Question 41

Ligaments

Answer 41

Dense bands of fibrous connective tissue and collagen. Connect bones

Question 42

Function of ligaments

Answer 42

Restrict movement, protecting the joint from damage

Question 43

Intrinsic ligaments

Answer 43

Within / parts of the fibrous capsule

Question 44

Extrinsic Ligaments

Answer 44

External to the capsule

Question 45

Bursae

Answer 45

Closed sacs lined with synovial membrane, lubricated with fluid

Question 46

Where are bursae found ?

Answer 46

Found where friction occurs Between skin and bone Between tendons and joints

Question 47

Synovial sheaths

Answer 47

Specialised bursae, surround tendons where they are subject to pressure.

Question 48

Factors influencing Synovial Joint Stability (3)

Answer 48

Articular Surfaces Ligaments Muscle Tone

Question 49

Types of Synovial Joint (6)

Answer 49

plane hinge ball & socket saddle pivot condyloid

Question 50

Tendons

Answer 50

Connect muscle to bone

Question 51

Superficial fascia

Answer 51

On the surface

Question 52

Deep fascia

Answer 52

Inside Separates tissue

Question 53

Agonist

Answer 53

The prime mover

Question 54

Synergist

Answer 54

Additional force to prevent undesirable actions

Question 55

Antagonist

Answer 55

Oppose the movement

Question 56

Osteoarthritis

Answer 56

Degenerative disease Weight bearing joints Reduction in quality of articular cartilage

Question 57

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 57

Autoimmune disease Changes in synovium lead to destruction of articular cartilage.