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Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 > Structure of Airway > Flashcards

Structure of Airway Flashcards

1
Q

What are some functions of the respiratory system ?

A

Primarily gas exchange
pH balance
Speech/vocalisation

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2
Q

Name the structures that form the conducting portion of the respiratory tract

A

Nose, Nasal cavity, Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Terminal bronchioles

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3
Q

Name the structures that form the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli (ducts and sacs)

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4
Q

What is the respiratory portion involved in ?

A

GAS exchange

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5
Q

Alveoli structures

A

Large surface area
Rich vascular supply
400 million per lung

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6
Q

What is the nose made up of ?

A

Cartilage
Muscle
Soft Tissue
Nasal Bone

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7
Q

What structures communicate within the nose ?

A

Nares (nostrils) communicate with nasal cavities

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8
Q

Function of nasal cavities

A

Serve to warm, humidify and filter inhaled air.

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9
Q

What does the nasal cavity have to help its function ?

A

Large surface area
Well vascularised
Mucus and cilia - clear trapped particles

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10
Q

What does smoking do ?

A

Impairs ciliary function

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11
Q

Position of nasal cavities

A

Posterior to nose

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12
Q

Structure of nasal cavities

A

Bony structure covered by respiratory mucosa

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13
Q

Lateral Wall of nasal cavity structures

A

Ethmoid, inferior nasal concha, maxilla, sphenoid, palatine bone, lacrimal, nasal bone

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14
Q

Medial wall of nasal cavity structures

A

Septal cartilage, ethmoid, vomer

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15
Q

Roof of nasal cavity structures

A

Frontal bone
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

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16
Q

What is the olfactory nerve ?

A

Cranial nerve 1 - CN 1

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17
Q

Olfactory anatomy

A

Olfactory mucosa –> nerves (which pass through the cribform plate) –> bulb –> tract –> medial and lateral striae –> piriform cortices

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18
Q

What type of epithelial tissue is respiratory mucosa ?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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19
Q

Structure of respiratory mucosa

A

Goblet cells
Rich vascular supply and submucosal glands

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20
Q

Function of mucus

A

Mucus traps foreign particles

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21
Q

Function of cilia

A

Moves mucus outside of the airway

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22
Q

What is the CN VII

A

Facial Nerve

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23
Q

What is the CN 1

A

Special sensory - olfactory nerve

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24
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the nasal cavity

A

Rich vascular supply
Anastomoses between internal and external carotid branches

25
Q

ICA

A

Internal Carotid Artery

26
Q

ECA

A

External Carotid Artery

27
Q

Name the para-nasal sinuses

A

Sphenoid sinuses
Frontal sinuses
Ethmoid sinuses
Maxillary sinuses

28
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses ?

A

Epithelial lined cavities within facial bones around the nasal cavities.

29
Q

Where do the paranasal sinuses drain into ?

A

The lateral aspect of the nasal cavity.

30
Q

Which para-nasal sinus is particularly prone to sinusitis ?

A

Maxillary sinus

31
Q

What is the pharynx ?

A

A fibro muscular tube from the base of the skull to the oesophagus.

32
Q

What structures are included in the pharynx ?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

33
Q

Functions of the pharynx

A

Conducts air from nasopharynx to larynx

Conducts food/liquid from oropharynx to oesophagus

34
Q

What is the laryngeal inlet ?

A

Opening that connects the pharynx and the larynx.

35
Q

What are vestibular folds ?

A

They lie behind the vocal folds.

They consist of the vestibular ligament covered by a mucous membrane.

They are fixed folds, which act to provide protection to the larynx.

36
Q

What makes up the conus elasticus ?

A

Vocal ligament
Lateral cricothyroid ligament

37
Q

What is the larynx composed of ?

A

Muscle
Cartilage
Ligaments/Membranes

38
Q

Where is the larynx located ?

A

Anterior neck, spanning C3-6 vertebral levels

39
Q

Functions of the larynx

A

Guarding airway during swallowing

Allow voluntary increase in intra-abdominal pressure

40
Q

What cartilages are in the larynx ?

A

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottic

41
Q

What type of cartilage is thyroid and cricoid ?

42
Q

What type of cartilage is epiglottis ?

43
Q

What is the trachea ?

A

A fibrocartilagenous tube, conducting air from the larynx to the bronchi.

44
Q

What is the function of the C shaped cartilage rings in the trachea ?

A

Maintains patency

45
Q

What joins the ends of the cartilage rings in the trachea ?

A

Smooth muscle called trachealis
This is joined POSTERIORLY

46
Q

Name 2 clinical conditions that may affect the upper respiratory tract

A

Choking
Anaphylaxis

47
Q

Vestibular folds

A

False cords

48
Q

Vocal folds

A

True cords

49
Q

What is the rima glottidis ?

A

Area between vocal folds

50
Q

What happens in airway protection ?

A

Laryngeal muscles act together to pull aryepiglottic folds together, and pulls arytenoids towards the epiglottis.

51
Q

What is phonation ?

A

Altering tension of vocal cords to change pitch

52
Q

What provides innervation to the larynx ?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)
Internal, External, Recurrent laryngeal

53
Q

What does the internal laryngeal nerve provide ?

A

Sensory above vocal cords

54
Q

What does the external laryngeal nerve provide ?

A

Motor to cricothyroid

55
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve provide ?

A

Motor to all other laryngeal muscles and sensory to vocal cords and below

56
Q

What provides blood supply to the larynx ?

A

Superior thyroid artery
Inferior thyroid artery

57
Q

What provides venous return from the larynx ?

A

Superior, middle, inferior thyroid veins to internal jugular and brachiocephalic trunks.

58
Q

What are the lymphatics involved with the larynx ?

A

Above vocal folds - superior deep cervical nodes

Below vocal folds - pre-tracheal/ paratracheal inferior deep cervical nodes

Medicine Year 1 Semester 1 (37 decks)

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