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Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine > What is Diabetes > Flashcards

What is Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes Mellitus is characterised by

A

Hyperglycaemia

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2
Q

Hyperglycaemia symptoms (5)

A 
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Blurred Vision
Weight Loss
Infections
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3
Q

Microvascular Complications of Hyperglycaemia

A

Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Nephropathy

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4
Q

Microvascular Complications of Hyperglycaemia

A

Stroke
MI
PVD

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5
Q

Diagnostic Glucose Levels (Venous Plasma) for Diabetes

A

Fasting >7mmol/l

Random >11.1mmol

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6
Q

Diagnostic Diabetes Glucose Levels for OGTT 2hr after 75g CHO

A

> 11.1mmol

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7
Q

Diagnostic Diabetes HbA1c

A

> 48mmol/mol

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8
Q

Intermediate Hyperglycaemia what is impaired fasting glucose result

A

6.1-7

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9
Q

Intermediate Hyperglycaemia HbA1c result

A

42-47

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10
Q

Criteria for Diagnosing Type 1 Diabetes

A

One Diagnostic Lab Glucose Plus Symptoms or Two Diagnostic Lab Glucose or HbA1c Levels without Symptoms

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11
Q

Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

A 
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Blurred Vision
Weight Loss
Infection
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12
Q

What is HbA1c

A

Glycated Haemoglobin

Gives indication of blood glucose levels over last 8-12 weeks

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13
Q

Insulin dominates absorptive or fasting state

A

Absorptive State

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14
Q

Which hormone lowers blood glucose

A

Insulin

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15
Q

What does Insulin do in Adipose Tissue

A

Reduced Lipolysis

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16
Q

What does insulin do in liver

A

Reduces glucose production

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17
Q

What does insulin do in muscle

A

Increased glucose uptake

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18
Q

What is the risk of a child developing Type 1 diabetes if father has it?

A

6%

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19
Q

What is risk of child developing Type 1 Diabetes if mother has it

A

1%

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20
Q

What is risk of child developing Type 1 Diabetes if Sibling has it

A

8%

21
Q

If both parents are type 1 diabetes what is risk of child getting it

A

30%

22
Q

What is risk of monozygotic twins getting diabetes

A

30-50%

23
Q

what is risk of non identical twin getting Type 1 diabetes

A

10%

24
Q

Development of Type 1 Diabetes requires

A

Genetic pre disposition plus Trigger eg Viral Infection or Autoimmunity

25
Q

Between a complete carb blow out and no food ingested what does blood glucose do normally

A

maintained over fairly tight range normally

26
Q

Insulin dominates which state

A

Absorptive

27
Q

What is the only hormone which lowers blood glucose

A

insulin

28
Q

In Type 1 and 2 diabetes what does decreased insulin do to adipose tissue

A

increased lipolysis

29
Q

In Type 1 and 2 diabetes what does decreased insulin do to liver

A

raised glucose production

30
Q

In Type 1 and 2 diabetes what does decreased insulin do to muscle

A

reduced glucose uptake

31
Q

Clinical presentation of Type 1 Diabetes symptoms

A

Short duration of

  • Thirst
  • Tired
  • Polyuria/Nocturia
  • Weight Loss
  • Blurred Vision
  • Abdominal Pain
32
Q

Examination of Type 1 Diabetes signs

A 
Ketones on Breath
Dehydration
Increased Resp Rate
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Low Grade Thrush
Balantitis
33
Q

Which type of Diabetes is more common

A

Type 2

34
Q

Risk of developing type 2 diabetes identical twin

A

90-100%

35
Q

Risk of developing type 2 diabetes non identical twin

A

10%

36
Q

Risk of developing type 2 diabetes one parent

A

15%

37
Q

Risk of developing type 2 diabetes both parents

A

75%

38
Q

Risk of developing type 2 diabetes sibling

A

10%

39
Q

Type 2 Diabetes may have what in terms of symptoms

A

None or Typical Diabetes Symptoms

40
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Signs

A

Not Ketotic
Usually Overweight
Low Grade Infections
Microvascular or Microvascular Complications

41
Q

Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

A 
Overweight
Fam History
Over 30 if Maoiri/Asian/Pacific Island
Over 40 if European
Previous Gestational Diabetes
Big Baby (more than 4g)
Inactive
Previous High BG/Impaired Glucose Tolerance
42
Q

Maturity Onset Diabetes in Young Features (3)

A

Autosomal Dominant
Impaired beta cell function
Single gene defect

43
Q

Glucokinase Mutations in Maturity Onset Diabetes in Young onset is at and features (4)

A

Birth with Stable Hyperglycaemia
Treat by Diet
Complications Rare

44
Q

Transcription Factor Mutations in Maturity Onset Diabetes in Young onset is at and features (4)

A

Adolescence/Young Adult
Progressive Hyperglycaemia
Treat 1/3 Diet, 1/3 OHA, 1/3 Insulin
Complications Frequent

45
Q

Secondary Diabetes Mellitus causes (8)

A 
Drug therapy eg corticosteroids
Haemochromatosis: excess iron
cystic fibrosis 
chronic pancreatitis
pancreactomy
DIDMOAD
Endocrine eg Cushings, Acromegaly, Phaeochromocytoma
46
Q

What is gestational diabetes

A

Increasing Insulin resistance in pregnancy

47
Q

Gestational Diabetes increases risk of

A

Type 2 Diabetes later in live

48
Q

When does gestational diabetes occur

A

2nd/3rd trimester

49
Q

what neonatal problems can happen due to gestational diabetes

A

Macrosomia
Resp DIstress
Neonatal Hypoglycaemia

Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine (52 decks)

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