What is Diabetes

Question 1

Diabetes Mellitus is characterised by

Answer 1

Hyperglycaemia

Question 2

Hyperglycaemia symptoms (5)

Answer 2

Polydipsia
Polyuria
Blurred Vision
Weight Loss
Infections

Question 3

Microvascular Complications of Hyperglycaemia

Answer 3

Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Nephropathy

Question 4

Microvascular Complications of Hyperglycaemia

Answer 4

Stroke
MI
PVD

Question 5

Diagnostic Glucose Levels (Venous Plasma) for Diabetes

Answer 5

Fasting >7mmol/l

Random >11.1mmol

Question 6

Diagnostic Diabetes Glucose Levels for OGTT 2hr after 75g CHO

Answer 6

> 11.1mmol

Question 7

Diagnostic Diabetes HbA1c

Answer 7

> 48mmol/mol

Question 8

Intermediate Hyperglycaemia what is impaired fasting glucose result

Answer 8

6.1-7

Question 9

Intermediate Hyperglycaemia HbA1c result

Answer 9

42-47

Question 10

Criteria for Diagnosing Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 10

One Diagnostic Lab Glucose Plus Symptoms or Two Diagnostic Lab Glucose or HbA1c Levels without Symptoms

Question 11

Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 11

Polydipsia
Polyuria
Blurred Vision
Weight Loss
Infection

Question 12

What is HbA1c

Answer 12

Glycated Haemoglobin

Gives indication of blood glucose levels over last 8-12 weeks

Question 13

Insulin dominates absorptive or fasting state

Answer 13

Absorptive State

Question 14

Which hormone lowers blood glucose

Answer 14

Insulin

Question 15

What does Insulin do in Adipose Tissue

Answer 15

Reduced Lipolysis

Question 16

What does insulin do in liver

Answer 16

Reduces glucose production

Question 17

What does insulin do in muscle

Answer 17

Increased glucose uptake

Question 18

What is the risk of a child developing Type 1 diabetes if father has it?

Answer 18

6%

Question 19

What is risk of child developing Type 1 Diabetes if mother has it

Answer 19

1%

Question 20

What is risk of child developing Type 1 Diabetes if Sibling has it

Answer 20

8%

Question 21

If both parents are type 1 diabetes what is risk of child getting it

Answer 21

30%

Question 22

What is risk of monozygotic twins getting diabetes

Answer 22

30-50%

Question 23

what is risk of non identical twin getting Type 1 diabetes

Answer 23

10%

Question 24

Development of Type 1 Diabetes requires

Answer 24

Genetic pre disposition plus Trigger eg Viral Infection or Autoimmunity

Question 25

Between a complete carb blow out and no food ingested what does blood glucose do normally

Answer 25

maintained over fairly tight range normally

Question 26

Insulin dominates which state

Answer 26

Absorptive

Question 27

What is the only hormone which lowers blood glucose

Answer 27

insulin

Question 28

In Type 1 and 2 diabetes what does decreased insulin do to adipose tissue

Answer 28

increased lipolysis

Question 29

In Type 1 and 2 diabetes what does decreased insulin do to liver

Answer 29

raised glucose production

Question 30

In Type 1 and 2 diabetes what does decreased insulin do to muscle

Answer 30

reduced glucose uptake

Question 31

Clinical presentation of Type 1 Diabetes symptoms

Answer 31

Short duration of - Thirst - Tired - Polyuria/Nocturia - Weight Loss - Blurred Vision - Abdominal Pain

Question 32

Examination of Type 1 Diabetes signs

Answer 32

``` Ketones on Breath Dehydration Increased Resp Rate Tachycardia Hypotension Low Grade Thrush Balantitis ```

Question 33

Which type of Diabetes is more common

Answer 33

Type 2

Question 34

Risk of developing type 2 diabetes identical twin

Answer 34

90-100%

Question 35

Risk of developing type 2 diabetes non identical twin

Answer 35

10%

Question 36

Risk of developing type 2 diabetes one parent

Answer 36

15%

Question 37

Risk of developing type 2 diabetes both parents

Answer 37

75%

Question 38

Risk of developing type 2 diabetes sibling

Answer 38

10%

Question 39

Type 2 Diabetes may have what in terms of symptoms

Answer 39

None or Typical Diabetes Symptoms

Question 40

Type 2 Diabetes Signs

Answer 40

Not Ketotic Usually Overweight Low Grade Infections Microvascular or Microvascular Complications

Question 41

Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 41

``` Overweight Fam History Over 30 if Maoiri/Asian/Pacific Island Over 40 if European Previous Gestational Diabetes Big Baby (more than 4g) Inactive Previous High BG/Impaired Glucose Tolerance ```

Question 42

Maturity Onset Diabetes in Young Features (3)

Answer 42

Autosomal Dominant Impaired beta cell function Single gene defect

Question 43

Glucokinase Mutations in Maturity Onset Diabetes in Young onset is at and features (4)

Answer 43

Birth with Stable Hyperglycaemia Treat by Diet Complications Rare

Question 44

Transcription Factor Mutations in Maturity Onset Diabetes in Young onset is at and features (4)

Answer 44

Adolescence/Young Adult Progressive Hyperglycaemia Treat 1/3 Diet, 1/3 OHA, 1/3 Insulin Complications Frequent

Question 45

Secondary Diabetes Mellitus causes (8)

Answer 45

``` Drug therapy eg corticosteroids Haemochromatosis: excess iron cystic fibrosis chronic pancreatitis pancreactomy DIDMOAD Endocrine eg Cushings, Acromegaly, Phaeochromocytoma ```

Question 46

What is gestational diabetes

Answer 46

Increasing Insulin resistance in pregnancy

Question 47

Gestational Diabetes increases risk of

Answer 47

Type 2 Diabetes later in live

Question 48

When does gestational diabetes occur

Answer 48

2nd/3rd trimester

Question 49

what neonatal problems can happen due to gestational diabetes

Answer 49

Macrosomia Resp DIstress Neonatal Hypoglycaemia