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Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine > Endocrine Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Energy Balance equation

A

energy intake - energy out

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2
Q

Satiety centre promotes feeling of fullness by suppressing

A

Feedback centre (insulin sensitive)

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3
Q

Glucostatic Theory

A

as BG Increases, Drive to Eat Decreases

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4
Q

Lipostatic Theory

A

As fat stores increase, drive to eat decreases

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5
Q

what type of hormone is leptin

A

peptide released by fat which depresses feeding activity

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6
Q

What is a Anabolic Pathway

A

Build up

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7
Q

What is catabolic pathway

A

Break down

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8
Q

Which part of eating is anabolic?

A

Absorptive after eating

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9
Q

Which part of eating is catabolic

A

overnight

between meals

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10
Q

What happens when in post absorptive state to brain?

A

Maintain BG Concentration or lead to Hypoglycaemia

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11
Q

BG is maintained by synthesising glucose from

A

Glycogen (Glycogenolysis or Amino Acids (gluconeogenesis)

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12
Q

Normal rate of BG

A

4.2-6.3

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13
Q

What is hypoglycaemia classified as

A

<3nm

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14
Q

In diabetes what happens when lose insulin

A

Glucose can’t be taken up so BG rises and glucose detected in Urine

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15
Q

The brain only has access to BG when

A

Falls below normal range

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16
Q

99% of pancreas operates as

A

Exocrine gland releasing enzymes and NaHCo3

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17
Q

Hormones produced by

A

Islets of Langherhan

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18
Q

How many types of Islet of Langerhan

A

4

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19
Q

A Islet of Langherhan produces

A

Glucagon

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20
Q

Beta cells produce what type of insulin

A

Insulin

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21
Q

alpha cells produce what type of insulin

A

Alpha cells

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22
Q

f cells produce what type of insulin

A

Pancreatic Polypeptide

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23
Q

When glucose is taken up by cells from plasma what happens to BG

A

decreases

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24
Q

In fed state when insulin dominates what happens to insulin

A

Increased Glucose oxidation
Increased Glycogen Synth
Increased Fat Sync
Increased Protein Synth

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25
Q

In fasted stated when glucagon dominates this leads to

A

Increased Glyconeolysis
Increased Gluconeogenesis
Increased Ketogenesis

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26
Q

Insulin is what type of hormone?

A

Peptide Hormone produced by Pancreatic B cells

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27
Q

Insulin does what to glucose?

A

Stimulates glucose uptake by cells

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28
Q

Insulin is synthesised as

A

Preprohormone preproinsulin which is converted to proinsulin in ER

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29
Q

Proinsulin is packaged as what in secretory vesicles during synthesis?

A

Granules where proinsulin is cleaved again to give insulin and c peptide

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30
Q

How is insulin stored?

A

As C Peptide and Insulin in Granules until B cell activated.

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31
Q

What stimulates insulin secretion? (3)

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Blood Glucose Concentration

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32
Q

Which hormone dominates absorptive state

A

Insulin

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33
Q

Which hormone lowers BG

A

Insulin

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34
Q

Excess glucose is stored where?

A

As glycogen in Liver and Muscle

As Triglycerols in Liver and Adipose

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35
Q

Fatty acids are stored where?

A

Triglycerides in Adipose Tissue and Fat

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36
Q

What is sensitive to ATP within cell for B cells

A

K+ Ion channel sensitive to ATP within cell (KATP Channel)

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37
Q

When glucose is abundant it enters cells through?

A

GLUT and Metabolism Increases which increases amp within cell = Katp channel closes

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38
Q

When glucose enters cell what happens to intracellular k?

A

It rises depolarising cell.

Voltage Dependent Ca2+ open and trigger insulin vesicle exocytosis into circulation.

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39
Q

What happens when there is high glucose levels in blood?

A
  1. Metabolism Increases
  2. ATP Increases
  3. KATP Channels Close
  4. Cell depolarise and calcium channels open
  5. Ca2+ entry act as intracellular signal
  6. Ca2+ signal triggers exocytosis and insulin secreted
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40
Q

What happens when low glucose?

A

ATP low so KATP stay open so K+ ions flow out removing positive charge from cell and hyperpolarise it so voltage gated Ca2+ channels remain closed/insulin not cleaved

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41
Q

Insulin binds to which receptors?

A

Tyrosine Kinase Receptors on cell membrane of insulin dependent tissues to increase glucose uptake

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42
Q

What is the only hormone that lowers BG

A

Insulin

43
Q

What does insulin do in Muscle and Adipose Tissue

A

Stimulates mobilisation of specific glucose transporters: GLUT 4 which reside in cytoplasm of these cells

44
Q

Where does GLUT 4 reside in muscle and adipose tissue?

A

Cytoplasm

45
Q

When stimulated by insulin what happens to GLUT4

A

Migrates to membrane and able to transport glucose into cell.

46
Q

When insulin stimulation stops what do GLUT 4 transporters do?

A

Return to cytoplasmic pool

47
Q

What process allows glucose to enter cells

A

Exocytosis

48
Q

What are the only types of tissue that are insulin dependent to take up glucose

A

muscle and fat

49
Q

In other tissues glucose uptake is via other GLUT transporters which are not?

A

Insulin dependent

50
Q

What allows glucose uptake in many tissues

A

Brain
Kidney
Red Cells

51
Q

What allows glucose uptake in pancreas and liver

A

GLUT 2

B cells

52
Q

Is the liver insulin dependent

A

No

53
Q

How does liver take up glucose

A

GLUT 2 Transporters

54
Q

GLUT 2 Transporters are said to be?

A

Insulin Independent

55
Q

Glucose enters liver how?

A

Down concentration gradient

56
Q

Does insulin have any direct effect on liver?

A

No

57
Q

Glucose transport into where in liver is affected by insulin status

A

Hepatocytes

58
Q

In fed state liver takes up glucose because

A

Liver activates Hexokinase which lowers glucose moving glucose into cells

59
Q

In fasted state liver synthesises glucose via

A

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis increasing glucose movement out of cells into blood

60
Q

What does insulin do in muscle and liver

A

increases glycogen synthesis and inhibits glycogen phosphorylase

61
Q

what does insulin do in muscle

A

increase amino acid uptake into muscle

62
Q

what does insulin do to protein

A

increase protein synthesis

inhibit proteolysis

63
Q

What does insulin do in liver

A

inhibits enzymes of gluconeogenesis

64
Q

Insulin has what type of effect on growth hormone

A

Permissive

65
Q

what does insulin do to K+

A

promotes k+ ion entry into cells by stimulations Na/K+ ATPASE

66
Q

Insulin binds to what type of receptor

A

tyrosine kinase receptor

67
Q

Insulin half life

A

5 Mins

68
Q

Once insulin action is complete what happens to insulin bound receptors

A

internalised by endocytosis

69
Q

What 5 factors increase insulin release

A 
Increased BG
Increased Amino Acids
Glucagon 
Gastrin/Secretin/CCK/GLP-1, GIP
Vagal Nerve Activity
70
Q

what 4 factors inhibit insulin release

A

Low BG
Somatostatin (GHIH)
Sympathetic a2 effects
Stress eg Hypoxia

71
Q

Glucagon is what type of hormone produced by?

A

Peptide Hormone

Produced by a cells of pancreatic islet cells

72
Q

What is the primary purpose of Glucagon

A

Raise Blood Glucose acting mainly on liver

73
Q

Glucagon half life

A

5-10 mins

74
Q

Glucagon is most active

A

in post absorptive state

75
Q

Glucagon receptors are what type of receptor

A

G protein coupled receptors linked to adenylate cyclase/cAMP system which when activated phosphorylate specific liver enzymes

76
Q

What are the 3 actions of glucagon and what is net result

A

Increased glycogenolysis
Increased glcuoneogenesis
Formation of Ketones from fatty acids (Lipolysis)
Net result = Elevated BG

77
Q

What is the formation of ketones from fatty acids called

A

Lipolysis

78
Q

Where do the actions of glucagon take place

A

Liver

79
Q

Free fatty acids become ketone bodies through

A

B Oxidation

80
Q

Brain can only use what for energy

A

Glucose and Ketones

81
Q

What do amino acids do in hypoglycaemia

A

stimulate insulin release which in the absence of glucagon stimulate glucose uptake into cells lowering BG.

82
Q

Increased glucose does what to insulin and glucagon

A

Increased insulin

Decreased Glucagon

83
Q

Decreased glucose does what to insulin and glucagon

A

Increased Glucagon

Decreased Insulin

84
Q

Amino acids in plasma stimulate

A

release of insulin and glucagon

85
Q

What 5 stimuli promote glucagon release

A 
Low BG <5mm
High Amino Acids 
Symp Innervation and Epinephrine B2 effect
Cortisol
Stress
86
Q

What 4 stimuli inhibit glucagon release

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Free Fatty Acids and Ketones
  3. Insulin
  4. Somatostatin
87
Q

Increased Parasymp Activity does what to Insulin and Glucagon

A

Increases both

88
Q

Somatostatin is what type of hormone

A

Peptide hormone

89
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by?

A

D Cells of Pancreas

90
Q

Somatostatin action

A

Inhibit activity in GI Tract

91
Q

Entry of glucose into skeletal muscle is increased during exercise when

A

even in absence of insulin.

Insulin independent increase in GLUT 4 Transporters

92
Q

Exercise does what to insulin sensitivity of muscle

A

Increase

93
Q

In non active muscle insulin binds to

A

receptor which then leads to glucose transporters GLUT4 migrating to cell membrane allowing glucose to enter

94
Q

Exercise causes glucose uptake what?

A

independently of insulin and increases sensitivity of muscle to insulin

95
Q

When adipose tissue is broken down what is released

A

Adipose Tissue

96
Q

In starvation liver will convert excess free fatty acids into

A

Ketone bodies

97
Q

Ketone body uptake is

A

insulin dependent

98
Q

In poor controlled insulin dependent diabetes what depresses ketone body uptake

A

lack of insulin

99
Q

In Type 2 Diabetes what becomes insensitive to insulin

A

Peripheral Tissues

100
Q

What happens to B cells in Type 2 Diabetes

A

Remain intact and appear normal

101
Q

What percentage of diabetic patients are insulin resistant

A

90%

102
Q

Type 1 Diabetes what leads to increase BG

A

inadequate insulin release

103
Q

Type 2 Diabetes what leads to increase BG

A

inadequate tissue response

104
Q

What is the diagnostic criterion for diabetes

A

Hyperglycaemia detected by Glucose Tolerance Test

Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine (52 decks)

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