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Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones travel where to reach target organs/tissues?

A

Blood

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2
Q

If there is no receptor for tissues to detect hormones what happens?

A

No response

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3
Q

Neurotransmitters released from presynaptic neurons travel where?

A

Across Synaptic Cleft to Postsynaptic Cell to influence activity.

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4
Q

Neurotransmitters act where within synaptic cleft?

A

Locally

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5
Q

What happens when insulin targets skeletal muscle/adipose tissue?

A

Increase Glucose Uptake

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6
Q

What happens when insulin targets liver? (2)

A

Increased glycogenesis

Decreased Gluconeogenesis

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7
Q

Endocrine Hormones exert their effects at what concentration?

A

Very low concentrations (10-9 to 10-12)

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8
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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9
Q

Amine hormones are derived from

A

Tryptophan or Tyrosine

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10
Q

Peptide or Protein hormones are composed of

A

chains of amino acids

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11
Q

Name three types of Peptide Hormone

A

TRH
FSH
Insulin

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12
Q

Peptide hormones are synthesised as (2)

A

Preprohormone then cleaved into pro hormone

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13
Q

How are Peptide Hormones synthesised into preprohormone? (2)

A

Messenger RNA on ribosomes binds amino acids into peptide chain called preprohormone.
Chain is directed into ER lumen by signal sequence of amino acids

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14
Q

How are pro hormones created?

A

Enzymes in ER chop off signal sequence creating inactive pro hormone

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15
Q

Prohormones pass through where to get through Golgi complex

A

ER

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16
Q

What is the initial peptide hormone produced by ribosomes?

A

Preprohormone

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17
Q

What is cleaved off in endoplasmic reticulum to leave smaller but still inactive protein pro hormone?

A

Signal Sequence

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18
Q

What breaks down pro hormone into active hormone? (2)

A

Proteolytic Enzymes and Prohormone

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19
Q

What is the inactive fragment cleaved from insulin pro hormone?

A

C-Peptide

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20
Q

What is often measured in plasma or urine to indicate endogenous insulin production from pancreas?

A

C Peptide

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21
Q

What do Peptide hormones do in water?

A

Soluble so dissolve easily

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22
Q

What does water solubility mean for transport for peptide hormones across cell membranes

A

Cannot cross so have to bind to membrane bound receptors on target cells

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23
Q

Which receptors do most peptide hormones target (2)

A

GPCR or Tyrosine Kinase Linked Receptors.

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24
Q

What kind of response to peptide hormones on GPCR or Tyrosine Kinase Linked receptors get?

A

Fast (seconds/mins)

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25
Q

Peptide Hormones are said to be in terms of Hydro or Lipo?

A

Hydrophilic and Lipophobic

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26
Q

What do G protein Couple Receptors do? (2)

A

Activate 2nd Messenger System leading to modification of existing protein.
Rapid response

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27
Q

What do Tyrosine Kinase Linked Receptors do?

A

Alters gene expression.

Slow response

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28
Q

Which peptide linked receptor is slow response?

A

Tyrosine Kinase Linked Receptor

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29
Q

Amine hormones are mostly derived from?

A

Amino Acid Tyrosine

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30
Q

Name 3 Catecholamines?

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

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31
Q

Which catecholamine is released from Adrenal Medulla?

A

Epinephrine

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32
Q

Thyroid Hormones are said to be what in terms of Lipo

A

Lipophilic like Steroid Hormones

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33
Q

Catecholamines are said to be what in terms of Hydro

A

Hydrophilic

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34
Q

What is the only amine hormone not derived from tyrosine?

A

Melatonin

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35
Q

Melatonin is derived from

A

Tryptophan

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36
Q

Melatonin regulates

A

Circadian Rhythm

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37
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from?

A

Lipids from cholesterol

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38
Q

Which hormone is synthesised directly as needed?

A

Steroid Hormones

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39
Q

What are steroid hormones in terms of lipo?

A

Lipophilic (Lipid Soluble)

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40
Q

How are steroid hormones transported?

A

Bound to Carrier Proteins such as Albumin

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41
Q

What is the half life of Steroid Hormones?

A

60-90 Mins

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42
Q

Half life of amine hormones?

A

2 mins

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43
Q

How long does steroid hormones action persist (2)

A

Slow Onset

Persists longer than Peptide or Amine Hormones

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44
Q

Steroid hormones are produced by? (4)

A

Gonads: Sex Steroids
Placenta: HcG, Sex Steroids
Kidney; Vit D3
Adrenal Cortex: Corticosteroid

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45
Q

Which steroid hormone vitamin does kidney produce?

A

D3

46
Q

All steroid hormones are derived from?

A

Cholesterol

47
Q

Which steroid hormones are made in adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone and Cortisol

48
Q

What allows steroid hormones to readily cross plasma membrane

A

Lipophilicity

49
Q

Where are steroid hormones receptors found

A

Inside cells (cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors)

50
Q

Activation of intracellular receptors for steroid hormones leads to?

A

Change in gene expression at level of nucleus (genomic effect)

51
Q

Which part of steroid hormone can diffuse into target cell

A

Unbound hormone

52
Q

Steroid hormone receptors are found where

A

Cytoplasm or nucleus

53
Q

Which part of hormone can diffuse across capillary walls to target cells

A

Free Hormone

54
Q

What is the equation for Total Plasma

A

Free Hormone + Complexed Hormone

55
Q

What has poor solubility in Plasma?

A

Steroid/Thyroid Hormones

56
Q

What is a specific carrier protein in plasma for steroid/thyroid hormone

A

corticosteroid binding globulin

57
Q

What is a non specific carrier protein for steroid/thyroid hormones

A

Albumin

58
Q

Carrier proteins do what for Steroid and Thyroid Hormones (2)

A

Increases Solubility

Protects from Degradation - Increased Half Life >60 Mins

59
Q

As steroid hormone is taken up what happens?

A

More is released from carrier

60
Q

Which part of steroid hormone crosses membrane

A

Unbound

61
Q

Peptide and Catecholamine Hormones do what in water? (2)

A

Water Soluble and Transported in Plasma

62
Q

Peptide and Catecholamines have what kind of half life in plasma

A

Short half life - usually mins

63
Q

Steroid and Thyroid hormones half life?

A

Longer - usually hours to days

64
Q

Hypothalamus is said to have what type of function?

A

Neuroendocrine

65
Q

Any chemicals released into blood from hypothalamus are said to be ?

A

Neurohormones

66
Q

Hypothalamus is connected to pituitary via?

A

Infundibulum Stalk

67
Q

Hypothalamic Axons and Nerve Terminals project to?

A

Posterior Pituitary

68
Q

Hypothalamus connection with anterior pituitary is via

A

neurohormones

69
Q

How big is the Pituitary Gland?

A

14mm

70
Q

Pituitary Gland is located where

A

Sphenoid Bone

71
Q

Anterior Pituitary gland is connected to Hypothalamus via

A

Capillary Portal system

72
Q

What is the origin of Anterior Pituitary?

A

Epithelial Origin

73
Q

What is also called Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior Pituitary

74
Q

Anterior Pituitary makes up how much of Pituitary Gland

A

2/3rds

75
Q

Posterior Pituitary is a continuation of

A

Hypothalamus

76
Q

Posterior Pituitary secretes

A

Neurohormones made in Hypothalamus

77
Q

Posterior Pituitary is said to be

A

Neuroendocrine and Neural in Origin

78
Q

Posterior Pituitary is also called

A

Neurohypophysis

79
Q

Hypothalamus Functions (10)

A 
Cold
Stress
Metabolic Demand
Hydration Status
Excess
Menstrual Cycle
Sleep
Breastfeed
Pregnancy
Puberty
80
Q

Pituitary Gland Functions (5)

A 
Lactation
Parturition
Growth
Water Balance
Metabolism
81
Q

Where releases Tropic and Non Tropic Hormones (2)

A

Hypothalamus and Ant Pituitary

82
Q

All hormones released by Hypothalamus are

A

Neurohormones

83
Q

All hormones released by Pos Pituitary are

A

Neurohormones

84
Q

All hormones released by Ant Pitiuitary are

A

Endocrine Hormones

85
Q

Non Tropic Hormones are produced where and travel where

A

Produced in Hypothalamus and Travel to Pos Pituitary via Axons of Hypothalamic Neurons where released into blood

86
Q

Tropic Hormones are secreted into where and travel to where

A

Capillaries travelling to Ant Pituitary.

87
Q

Posterior Pituitary contains what type of neurons?

A

Magnocellular Neurons

88
Q

Magnocellular Neurons have cell bodies where

A

Hypothalamus

89
Q

Magnocellular Neurons store and release what?

A

2 Peptide Neurohromones

  • Vasopressin (ADH)
  • Oxytocin
90
Q

Vasopressin does what

A

Maintains Water balance

91
Q

Oxytocin does what?

A

Stimulates uterine contraction and aids expression of milk

92
Q

Which neurohormones does posterior pituitary release

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

93
Q

Oxytocin and Vasopressin behave as

A

Typical Peptide Hormones

94
Q

All hypothalamic neurohormones acting on ant pitiutary cells are

A

Tropic Hormones

95
Q

What are the 5 Hypothalamic releasing hormones

A 
TRH
CRH
GHRH
GNRH
PRH
96
Q

What are the 2 Hypothalamic Inhibiting Hormones

A

GHIH aka Somatostatin

Dopamine aka Prolactin Inhibition’s Hormone

97
Q

Which Hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting hormone is not a peptide

A

Dopamine

98
Q

Dopamine is said to be a

A

Prolactin inhibiting hormone

99
Q

The production of anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by

A

hypothalamic “releasing” or “inhibiting” tropic hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production from the anterior pituitary

100
Q

What type of hormone are the 6 that are released from anterior pituitary gland

A

Peptides and Tropic

101
Q

Name the 6 Ant Pituitary Hormones

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone aka Thyrotopin
Adrenocoritcotropic Hormone aka Corticotropin
Follicle Stimulating Hormone aka Gonadotropin
Lutenising Hormone
Growth Hormone
Prolactin

102
Q

Which Anterior Pituitary Hormone is not Tropic?

A

Prolactin

103
Q

What are the 3 integrating centres in Ant Pituitary Feedback control

A

hypothalamus
ant pituitary
target endocrine cells

104
Q

feedback from endocrine target is what type of feedback

A

long loop feedback

105
Q

feedback from ant pit to hypothalamus is what type of feedback

A

short loop feedback

106
Q

Name an example of a short loop feedback

A

Ant Pit to Hypothalamus

107
Q

Calcium released through Parathyroid to Bone and Kidney does what?

A

Increased Bone Resorption
Increased Kidney Reabsorption of Calcium
Production of Calcitrol leads to increased intestinal absorption of Ca2+
Leads to Increased Plasma Calcium

108
Q

1st Degree Endocrine Disorders are what?

A

Defect is in cells that secrete hormone

109
Q

2nd Degree Endocrine Disorders are what?

A

Those in which too little or too much tropic hormone from pituitary

110
Q

3rd degree endocrine disorders are related to

A

Hypothalamic defects

111
Q

What does permissive effects mean

A

Presence of one hormone enhances affect of another.

112
Q

What does antagonist effects mean

A

presence of one hormone reduces effect of another.

Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine (52 decks)

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