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Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones travel where to reach target organs/tissues?

A

Blood

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2
Q

If there is no receptor for tissues to detect hormones what happens?

A

No response

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3
Q

Neurotransmitters released from presynaptic neurons travel where?

A

Across Synaptic Cleft to Postsynaptic Cell to influence activity.

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4
Q

Neurotransmitters act where within synaptic cleft?

A

Locally

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5
Q

What happens when insulin targets skeletal muscle/adipose tissue?

A

Increase Glucose Uptake

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6
Q

What happens when insulin targets liver? (2)

A

Increased glycogenesis

Decreased Gluconeogenesis

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7
Q

Endocrine Hormones exert their effects at what concentration?

A

Very low concentrations (10-9 to 10-12)

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8
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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9
Q

Amine hormones are derived from

A

Tryptophan or Tyrosine

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10
Q

Peptide or Protein hormones are composed of

A

chains of amino acids

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11
Q

Name three types of Peptide Hormone

A

TRH
FSH
Insulin

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12
Q

Peptide hormones are synthesised as (2)

A

Preprohormone then cleaved into pro hormone

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13
Q

How are Peptide Hormones synthesised into preprohormone? (2)

A

Messenger RNA on ribosomes binds amino acids into peptide chain called preprohormone.
Chain is directed into ER lumen by signal sequence of amino acids

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14
Q

How are pro hormones created?

A

Enzymes in ER chop off signal sequence creating inactive pro hormone

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15
Q

Prohormones pass through where to get through Golgi complex

A

ER

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16
Q

What is the initial peptide hormone produced by ribosomes?

A

Preprohormone

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17
Q

What is cleaved off in endoplasmic reticulum to leave smaller but still inactive protein pro hormone?

A

Signal Sequence

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18
Q

What breaks down pro hormone into active hormone? (2)

A

Proteolytic Enzymes and Prohormone

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19
Q

What is the inactive fragment cleaved from insulin pro hormone?

A

C-Peptide

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20
Q

What is often measured in plasma or urine to indicate endogenous insulin production from pancreas?

A

C Peptide

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21
Q

What do Peptide hormones do in water?

A

Soluble so dissolve easily

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22
Q

What does water solubility mean for transport for peptide hormones across cell membranes

A

Cannot cross so have to bind to membrane bound receptors on target cells

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23
Q

Which receptors do most peptide hormones target (2)

A

GPCR or Tyrosine Kinase Linked Receptors.

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24
Q

What kind of response to peptide hormones on GPCR or Tyrosine Kinase Linked receptors get?

A

Fast (seconds/mins)

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25
Peptide Hormones are said to be in terms of Hydro or Lipo?
Hydrophilic and Lipophobic
26
What do G protein Couple Receptors do? (2)
Activate 2nd Messenger System leading to modification of existing protein. Rapid response
27
What do Tyrosine Kinase Linked Receptors do?
Alters gene expression. | Slow response
28
Which peptide linked receptor is slow response?
Tyrosine Kinase Linked Receptor
29
Amine hormones are mostly derived from?
Amino Acid Tyrosine
30
Name 3 Catecholamines?
Dopamine Norepinephrine Epinephrine
31
Which catecholamine is released from Adrenal Medulla?
Epinephrine
32
Thyroid Hormones are said to be what in terms of Lipo
Lipophilic like Steroid Hormones
33
Catecholamines are said to be what in terms of Hydro
Hydrophilic
34
What is the only amine hormone not derived from tyrosine?
Melatonin
35
Melatonin is derived from
Tryptophan
36
Melatonin regulates
Circadian Rhythm
37
Steroid hormones are derived from?
Lipids from cholesterol
38
Which hormone is synthesised directly as needed?
Steroid Hormones
39
What are steroid hormones in terms of lipo?
Lipophilic (Lipid Soluble)
40
How are steroid hormones transported?
Bound to Carrier Proteins such as Albumin
41
What is the half life of Steroid Hormones?
60-90 Mins
42
Half life of amine hormones?
2 mins
43
How long does steroid hormones action persist (2)
Slow Onset | Persists longer than Peptide or Amine Hormones
44
Steroid hormones are produced by? (4)
Gonads: Sex Steroids Placenta: HcG, Sex Steroids Kidney; Vit D3 Adrenal Cortex: Corticosteroid
45
Which steroid hormone vitamin does kidney produce?
D3
46
All steroid hormones are derived from?
Cholesterol
47
Which steroid hormones are made in adrenal cortex
Aldosterone and Cortisol
48
What allows steroid hormones to readily cross plasma membrane
Lipophilicity
49
Where are steroid hormones receptors found
Inside cells (cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors)
50
Activation of intracellular receptors for steroid hormones leads to?
Change in gene expression at level of nucleus (genomic effect)
51
Which part of steroid hormone can diffuse into target cell
Unbound hormone
52
Steroid hormone receptors are found where
Cytoplasm or nucleus
53
Which part of hormone can diffuse across capillary walls to target cells
Free Hormone
54
What is the equation for Total Plasma
Free Hormone + Complexed Hormone
55
What has poor solubility in Plasma?
Steroid/Thyroid Hormones
56
What is a specific carrier protein in plasma for steroid/thyroid hormone
corticosteroid binding globulin
57
What is a non specific carrier protein for steroid/thyroid hormones
Albumin
58
Carrier proteins do what for Steroid and Thyroid Hormones (2)
Increases Solubility | Protects from Degradation - Increased Half Life >60 Mins
59
As steroid hormone is taken up what happens?
More is released from carrier
60
Which part of steroid hormone crosses membrane
Unbound
61
Peptide and Catecholamine Hormones do what in water? (2)
Water Soluble and Transported in Plasma
62
Peptide and Catecholamines have what kind of half life in plasma
Short half life - usually mins
63
Steroid and Thyroid hormones half life?
Longer - usually hours to days
64
Hypothalamus is said to have what type of function?
Neuroendocrine
65
Any chemicals released into blood from hypothalamus are said to be ?
Neurohormones
66
Hypothalamus is connected to pituitary via?
Infundibulum Stalk
67
Hypothalamic Axons and Nerve Terminals project to?
Posterior Pituitary
68
Hypothalamus connection with anterior pituitary is via
neurohormones
69
How big is the Pituitary Gland?
14mm
70
Pituitary Gland is located where
Sphenoid Bone
71
Anterior Pituitary gland is connected to Hypothalamus via
Capillary Portal system
72
What is the origin of Anterior Pituitary?
Epithelial Origin
73
What is also called Adenohypophysis
Anterior Pituitary
74
Anterior Pituitary makes up how much of Pituitary Gland
2/3rds
75
Posterior Pituitary is a continuation of
Hypothalamus
76
Posterior Pituitary secretes
Neurohormones made in Hypothalamus
77
Posterior Pituitary is said to be
Neuroendocrine and Neural in Origin
78
Posterior Pituitary is also called
Neurohypophysis
79
Hypothalamus Functions (10)
``` Cold Stress Metabolic Demand Hydration Status Excess Menstrual Cycle Sleep Breastfeed Pregnancy Puberty ```
80
Pituitary Gland Functions (5)
``` Lactation Parturition Growth Water Balance Metabolism ```
81
Where releases Tropic and Non Tropic Hormones (2)
Hypothalamus and Ant Pituitary
82
All hormones released by Hypothalamus are
Neurohormones
83
All hormones released by Pos Pituitary are
Neurohormones
84
All hormones released by Ant Pitiuitary are
Endocrine Hormones
85
Non Tropic Hormones are produced where and travel where
Produced in Hypothalamus and Travel to Pos Pituitary via Axons of Hypothalamic Neurons where released into blood
86
Tropic Hormones are secreted into where and travel to where
Capillaries travelling to Ant Pituitary.
87
Posterior Pituitary contains what type of neurons?
Magnocellular Neurons
88
Magnocellular Neurons have cell bodies where
Hypothalamus
89
Magnocellular Neurons store and release what?
2 Peptide Neurohromones - Vasopressin (ADH) - Oxytocin
90
Vasopressin does what
Maintains Water balance
91
Oxytocin does what?
Stimulates uterine contraction and aids expression of milk
92
Which neurohormones does posterior pituitary release
Oxytocin and Vasopressin
93
Oxytocin and Vasopressin behave as
Typical Peptide Hormones
94
All hypothalamic neurohormones acting on ant pitiutary cells are
Tropic Hormones
95
What are the 5 Hypothalamic releasing hormones
``` TRH CRH GHRH GNRH PRH ```
96
What are the 2 Hypothalamic Inhibiting Hormones
GHIH aka Somatostatin | Dopamine aka Prolactin Inhibition's Hormone
97
Which Hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting hormone is not a peptide
Dopamine
98
Dopamine is said to be a
Prolactin inhibiting hormone
99
The production of anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by
hypothalamic “releasing” or “inhibiting” tropic hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production from the anterior pituitary
100
What type of hormone are the 6 that are released from anterior pituitary gland
Peptides and Tropic
101
Name the 6 Ant Pituitary Hormones
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone aka Thyrotopin Adrenocoritcotropic Hormone aka Corticotropin Follicle Stimulating Hormone aka Gonadotropin Lutenising Hormone Growth Hormone Prolactin
102
Which Anterior Pituitary Hormone is not Tropic?
Prolactin
103
What are the 3 integrating centres in Ant Pituitary Feedback control
hypothalamus ant pituitary target endocrine cells
104
feedback from endocrine target is what type of feedback
long loop feedback
105
feedback from ant pit to hypothalamus is what type of feedback
short loop feedback
106
Name an example of a short loop feedback
Ant Pit to Hypothalamus
107
Calcium released through Parathyroid to Bone and Kidney does what?
Increased Bone Resorption Increased Kidney Reabsorption of Calcium Production of Calcitrol leads to increased intestinal absorption of Ca2+ Leads to Increased Plasma Calcium
108
1st Degree Endocrine Disorders are what?
Defect is in cells that secrete hormone
109
2nd Degree Endocrine Disorders are what?
Those in which too little or too much tropic hormone from pituitary
110
3rd degree endocrine disorders are related to
Hypothalamic defects
111
What does permissive effects mean
Presence of one hormone enhances affect of another.
112
What does antagonist effects mean
presence of one hormone reduces effect of another.

Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine (52 decks)

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