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Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine > Pathology of Endocrine > Flashcards

Pathology of Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Where do hormones in Endocrine act?

A

On target cells distant from site of synthesis

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2
Q

Where do hormones get synthesised and stored?

A

In glands

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3
Q

Balance in Endocrine is maintained by

A

feedback inhibition

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4
Q

What is Hyperplasia

A

increased number and secretory activity of cells

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5
Q

Which two hormones regulate basal metabolic rate

A

Thyroxine (T4)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

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6
Q

Which hormone regulates calcium homeostasis

A

Calcitonin

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7
Q

What does colloid contain

A

Thyroglobulin

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8
Q

Epithelial cells resorption and release

A

T4 and T3

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9
Q

C Cells secrete what

A

Calcitonin

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10
Q

Hyperthyroidism can manifest as

A

Thyrotoxicosis

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11
Q

Most common cause of Hyperthyroidism

A

Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia (Graves)

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12
Q

Graves Disease Peak Age

A

20-40

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13
Q

In Graves disease what is there an autoimmune production of

A

Anti TSH Receptor Antibodies

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14
Q

In Graves Disease what happens to cell activity and cell numbers in histology

A

increase

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15
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis peak age

A

45-65

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16
Q

What is there destruction of in Hashimoto Thyroiditis

A

Autoimmune destruct of thyroid epithelial cells

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17
Q

Commonest cause of Hypothyrodism

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

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18
Q

What happens to histology in hypothyrodism

A

Hurthle Cell Change

Intense Infiltrate of Lymphocyte and Plasma Cell

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19
Q

Multinodular Goitre does what to TSH

A

Increase

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20
Q

What happens to thyroid epithelium in multi nodular goitre

A

hypertrophy and hyperplasia

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21
Q

Impaired Synthesis of T3 and T4 in Multinodular Goitre leads to

A

Increase TSH

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22
Q

Commonest cause of Multinodular Goitre

A

Iodine Deficiency

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23
Q

Most common type of Thyroid Carcinoma

A

Papillary

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24
Q

How to investigate thyroid nodule (3)

A

TFT
Ultrasound
FNA - Cytology

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25
Follicular Carcinomas Thyroid metastases to
Blood | Bone
26
Follicular Carcinoma of Thyroid mutation
RAS Mutation or PAX8/PPARG Translocation
27
Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroid usually affects
<50yrs
28
What mutation in Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroid
BRAF Mutation | RET/PTC Gene Rearrangement
29
Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroid associated with
exposure to ionising radiation
30
Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroid spreads via
lymphatics
31
Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroid prognosis
85% survival
32
Histology of Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroid (4)
Empty Nuclei Psammoma Bodies May be Cystic Papillary Projections
33
Thyroid Medullary Carcinoma is malignant tumour of
c cells
34
Which hormone does Thyroid Medullary Carcinoma produce
Calcitonin
35
Calcitonin promotes
bony absorption of calcium and prevents bone resorption
36
Radioactive Iodine is unsafe when? (4)
During Pregnancy 6 Months after Pregnancy Men should avoid fathering child for 4 months after During Breastfeeding
37
Follicular and PTC Thyroid Cancer Treatment
Surgery and Radioactive Iodine
38
Medullary Thyroid Cancer Treatment
Surgery and External Radiotherapy
39
Parathyroid Hormone regulates
Plasma Ca2+
40
Primary Hyperparathyrodism is often associated with
Asymptomatic Hypercalcaemia and Adenoma
41
Secondary Hyperparathyrodism is a
physiological response to decrease Ca2 renal failure
42
Where is Pituitary Gland situated
Sella Turcica
43
Anterior Pituitary Gland is affected by
Adenohypophysis
44
Which hormones does Ant Pituitary secrete (5)
``` ACTH TSH GH Prolactin FSH/LH ```
45
Anterior Pituitary Gland blood supply from
From Hypothalamus
46
Posterior Pituitary secretes which hormones (2)
ADH | Oxytocin
47
Most common cause of Pituitary Hyperfunction
Pituitary Adenoma
48
Post Partum Ischemic Necrosis of Pituitary is
Sheehan Syndrome
49
How much Pituitary Function needs to be lost for Pituitary Hypofunction
75%
50
Zona Glomerulosa secretes
Mineralcorticoids - Aldosterone
51
Zona Fasiculata secretes
Glucocorticoids - Cortisol
52
Zona Reticularis secretes
Sex Steroids - Oestrogen, Androgens
53
Hypercortisolism is also known as
Cushings Syndrome
54
Hyperaldosteronism is also known as
Conns Syndrome
55
Exogenous cause of Hypercortisolism/Cushings
Iatrogenic Steroids
56
Endogenous causes of Hypercortisolism/Cushings
Tumours most common Pituitary Adenoma
57
What happens to Hyperplasia in Hyperaldosteronism/Conns Syndrome
Bilateral Idiopathic Hyperplasia
58
What causes Hyperaldosteronism/Conns
Functioning Adrenal Adenoma
59
What happens to Kidney nephron in Hyperaldosteronism/Conns
Increases sodium retention in nephron
60
How does Secondary Hyperaldosteronism happen
Decreased Renal perfusion leads to increased renin angiotensin
61
Acute Adrenal Insufficiency is known as
Meningococcal Septiciema or Waterhouse Friderichsen
62
Primary Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency is
Addisons
63
Secondary Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency is
Pituitary Failure
64
In Adrenocortical Tumour Adenoma what happens to Adrenal Syndromes and Cortex
Hyperadrenal Syndromes | Atrophy of Cortex
65
Histology of Adrenocortical Tumour Adenoma
Small Nuclei | Endocrine Atypia
66
How do Primary Adrenocortical Carcinoma metastasise
Lymphatics and Blood | Rare
67
Phaeochromocytoma is what type of tumour
Adrenal Medulla Neuroendocrine Cells
68
Phaeochromocytoma secretes
Catecholamines
69
Histology of Phaeochromocytoma (2)
Nests Zellballen of Polygonal Cells in Vascular Network Granular cytoplasm containing catecholamines
70
MEN Syndromes are inherited as
autosomal dominant disorders
71
MEN1 is also known as
Wermer Syndrome
72
Where is the defect protein in MEN 1
Menin Protein involved in regulating cell growth

Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine (52 decks)

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