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Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine > Pathology of Endocrine > Flashcards

Pathology of Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Where do hormones in Endocrine act?

A

On target cells distant from site of synthesis

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2
Q

Where do hormones get synthesised and stored?

A

In glands

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3
Q

Balance in Endocrine is maintained by

A

feedback inhibition

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4
Q

What is Hyperplasia

A

increased number and secretory activity of cells

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5
Q

Which two hormones regulate basal metabolic rate

A

Thyroxine (T4)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

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6
Q

Which hormone regulates calcium homeostasis

A

Calcitonin

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7
Q

What does colloid contain

A

Thyroglobulin

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8
Q

Epithelial cells resorption and release

A

T4 and T3

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9
Q

C Cells secrete what

A

Calcitonin

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10
Q

Hyperthyroidism can manifest as

A

Thyrotoxicosis

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11
Q

Most common cause of Hyperthyroidism

A

Diffuse Toxic Hyperplasia (Graves)

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12
Q

Graves Disease Peak Age

A

20-40

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13
Q

In Graves disease what is there an autoimmune production of

A

Anti TSH Receptor Antibodies

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14
Q

In Graves Disease what happens to cell activity and cell numbers in histology

A

increase

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15
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis peak age

A

45-65

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16
Q

What is there destruction of in Hashimoto Thyroiditis

A

Autoimmune destruct of thyroid epithelial cells

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17
Q

Commonest cause of Hypothyrodism

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

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18
Q

What happens to histology in hypothyrodism

A

Hurthle Cell Change

Intense Infiltrate of Lymphocyte and Plasma Cell

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19
Q

Multinodular Goitre does what to TSH

A

Increase

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20
Q

What happens to thyroid epithelium in multi nodular goitre

A

hypertrophy and hyperplasia

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21
Q

Impaired Synthesis of T3 and T4 in Multinodular Goitre leads to

A

Increase TSH

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22
Q

Commonest cause of Multinodular Goitre

A

Iodine Deficiency

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23
Q

Most common type of Thyroid Carcinoma

A

Papillary

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24
Q

How to investigate thyroid nodule (3)

A

TFT
Ultrasound
FNA - Cytology

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25
Q

Follicular Carcinomas Thyroid metastases to

A

Blood

Bone

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26
Q

Follicular Carcinoma of Thyroid mutation

A

RAS Mutation or PAX8/PPARG Translocation

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27
Q

Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroid usually affects

A

<50yrs

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28
Q

What mutation in Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroid

A

BRAF Mutation

RET/PTC Gene Rearrangement

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29
Q

Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroid associated with

A

exposure to ionising radiation

30
Q

Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroid spreads via

A

lymphatics

31
Q

Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroid prognosis

A

85% survival

32
Q

Histology of Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroid (4)

A

Empty Nuclei
Psammoma Bodies
May be Cystic
Papillary Projections

33
Q

Thyroid Medullary Carcinoma is malignant tumour of

A

c cells

34
Q

Which hormone does Thyroid Medullary Carcinoma produce

A

Calcitonin

35
Q

Calcitonin promotes

A

bony absorption of calcium and prevents bone resorption

36
Q

Radioactive Iodine is unsafe when? (4)

A

During Pregnancy
6 Months after Pregnancy
Men should avoid fathering child for 4 months after
During Breastfeeding

37
Q

Follicular and PTC Thyroid Cancer Treatment

A

Surgery and Radioactive Iodine

38
Q

Medullary Thyroid Cancer Treatment

A

Surgery and External Radiotherapy

39
Q

Parathyroid Hormone regulates

A

Plasma Ca2+

40
Q

Primary Hyperparathyrodism is often associated with

A

Asymptomatic Hypercalcaemia and Adenoma

41
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyrodism is a

A

physiological response to decrease Ca2 renal failure

42
Q

Where is Pituitary Gland situated

A

Sella Turcica

43
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland is affected by

A

Adenohypophysis

44
Q

Which hormones does Ant Pituitary secrete (5)

A 
ACTH
TSH
GH
Prolactin
FSH/LH
45
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland blood supply from

A

From Hypothalamus

46
Q

Posterior Pituitary secretes which hormones (2)

A

ADH

Oxytocin

47
Q

Most common cause of Pituitary Hyperfunction

A

Pituitary Adenoma

48
Q

Post Partum Ischemic Necrosis of Pituitary is

A

Sheehan Syndrome

49
Q

How much Pituitary Function needs to be lost for Pituitary Hypofunction

A

75%

50
Q

Zona Glomerulosa secretes

A

Mineralcorticoids - Aldosterone

51
Q

Zona Fasiculata secretes

A

Glucocorticoids - Cortisol

52
Q

Zona Reticularis secretes

A

Sex Steroids - Oestrogen, Androgens

53
Q

Hypercortisolism is also known as

A

Cushings Syndrome

54
Q

Hyperaldosteronism is also known as

A

Conns Syndrome

55
Q

Exogenous cause of Hypercortisolism/Cushings

A

Iatrogenic Steroids

56
Q

Endogenous causes of Hypercortisolism/Cushings

A

Tumours most common Pituitary Adenoma

57
Q

What happens to Hyperplasia in Hyperaldosteronism/Conns Syndrome

A

Bilateral Idiopathic Hyperplasia

58
Q

What causes Hyperaldosteronism/Conns

A

Functioning Adrenal Adenoma

59
Q

What happens to Kidney nephron in Hyperaldosteronism/Conns

A

Increases sodium retention in nephron

60
Q

How does Secondary Hyperaldosteronism happen

A

Decreased Renal perfusion leads to increased renin angiotensin

61
Q

Acute Adrenal Insufficiency is known as

A

Meningococcal Septiciema or Waterhouse Friderichsen

62
Q

Primary Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency is

A

Addisons

63
Q

Secondary Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency is

A

Pituitary Failure

64
Q

In Adrenocortical Tumour Adenoma what happens to Adrenal Syndromes and Cortex

A

Hyperadrenal Syndromes

Atrophy of Cortex

65
Q

Histology of Adrenocortical Tumour Adenoma

A

Small Nuclei

Endocrine Atypia

66
Q

How do Primary Adrenocortical Carcinoma metastasise

A

Lymphatics and Blood

Rare

67
Q

Phaeochromocytoma is what type of tumour

A

Adrenal Medulla Neuroendocrine Cells

68
Q

Phaeochromocytoma secretes

A

Catecholamines

69
Q

Histology of Phaeochromocytoma (2)

A

Nests Zellballen of Polygonal Cells in Vascular Network

Granular cytoplasm containing catecholamines

70
Q

MEN Syndromes are inherited as

A

autosomal dominant disorders

71
Q

MEN1 is also known as

A

Wermer Syndrome

72
Q

Where is the defect protein in MEN 1

A

Menin Protein involved in regulating cell growth

Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine (52 decks)

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