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Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine > Endocrine Physiology 4 > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal glands are situated where

A

Superior pole of kidney in retroperitoneal space

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2
Q

Adrenal Medulla makes up what percentage of adrenal gland

A

25%

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3
Q

Adrenal medulla is what type of gland

A

neuroendocrine

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4
Q

Adrenal Medulla secretes what from postganglionic cell

A

Catecholamines (Epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine and dopamine

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5
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes

A

Mineralcorticoids eg Aldosterone
Glucortocioids
Sex Steroids

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6
Q

aldosterone is involved in regulation of

A

na+ AND K

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7
Q

which hormones are essential for survival

A

aldosterone and cortisol

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8
Q

zona glomerulosa produces

A

aldosterone

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9
Q

zona fasiculata produces

A

glucorticoids

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10
Q

zona reticularis produces

A

sex hormones

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11
Q

Defects in 21 Hydroxylase common cause of

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia = deficiency in aldosterone and cortisol

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12
Q

Lack of 21 Hydroxylase inhibits

A

synthesis of cortisol

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13
Q

95% of plasma cortisol is bound to

A

carrier protein

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14
Q

All nucleated cells have

A

cytoplasmic glucorticoid receptors

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15
Q

Peak of cortisol release

A

6-9am

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16
Q

Cortisol has a what type of action on glucagon

A

permissive

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17
Q

Cortisol does what to Gluconeogenesis

A

Stimulates

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18
Q

Cortisol does what in Proteolysis

A

stimulates breakdown of muscle protein

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19
Q

Cortisol does what in lipolysis

A

stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue increasing FFA plasma

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20
Q

cortisol does what to insulin sensitivity

A

decrease

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21
Q

excess cortisol is said to be

A

diabetogenic

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22
Q

Cortisol does what to Ca2+ Balance (3)

A

Decrease Absorption from Gut
Increase Excretion at Kidney
Increase Bone Resorption = Osteoporosis

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23
Q

Cortisol does what to Norepinephrine

A

Permissive

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24
Q

Low levels of cortisol associated with

A

hypotension

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25
Cortisol does what to immune system
Suppresses
26
Cortisol does what in muscle
Protein Catabolism
27
What is the risk of withdrawing chronic glucocorticoid treatment
Risk of adrenal insufficiency
28
What does aldosterone do to Na+ and K+ (3)
Increases reabsorption of Na+ Promotes excretion of K+ Increases Blood Vol and BP
29
1 Degrees Hypercortisolim is related to which condition
Cushings Syndrome
30
2 Degrees hypercortisolism is related to which condition
Cushings Disease
31
Cortisol is said to be what in Cushings eg Anabolic or catabolic
Catabolic
32
CRH and ACTH release promoted by
Stress
33
which three factors disinhibit HPA
Alcohol Caffeine Lack of Sleep
34
Phaeochromocytoma found in
Adrenal Medulla results in excess Catecholamines
35
Phaeocromocytoma said to be
Diabetogenic due to adrenergic effect on glucose metabolism
36
5 Roles of Calcium in Body
``` Signalling Clotting Apoptosis skeletal Strength Membrane Excitability ```
37
Ca2+ does what to Na+ permeability
Decreases
38
What factor of calcium is most critical in short term homeostasis
Ca2+ decreases Na+ permeability
39
Hypocalcaemia does what to neuronal na+ permeability
increases leading to hyper excitation of neurons
40
hypercalcaemia does what to neuronal na+ permeability
decreases neuronal na+ permeability reducing excitability
41
Calcium distribution in Bones
99%
42
Calcium distribution intracellular
0.9% in Mitochondria and SR
43
Calcium distribution Extracellular
0.1% (Cytosol)
44
How much calcium in body free in solution and physiologically active
0.05%
45
Calcium stored in bone in form of
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10, Po4)
46
How much calcium in plasma
2.2-2.6mm (0.1%)
47
Calcium affinity for proteins
Very high | 40% bound to plasma proteins
48
Calcium in plasma is
2.4mm Free Ionised Physiologically Active Actually 1.2mm
49
10% of Plasma Calcium Ions bind to
plasma anions
50
Calcium distribution in blood protein bound
albumin 80% | globulin 20%
51
calcium distribution free ionised in blood
50% and physiologically active
52
calcium distribution complexed in blood
10%
53
Binding capacity for plasma proteins and ca2+ increases under
alkalotic conditions eg hyperventilate than plasma ph rises
54
what happens in acidosis with binding capacity for ca2+
reduces and free ca2+ plasma rises
55
Total body calcium is determined by
total body calcium = calcium in-calcium out
56
Osteoblasts are
bone building
57
Osteoclasts
mobilise bone | Secrete H+
58
Which two key hormones act to increase Ca2+ plasma
Parathyroid Hormone: polypeptide hormone | Calcitiriol produced from vit d by liver and kidneys
59
which hormone acts to decrease ca2+ plasma
Calcitonin - Peptide hormone - released from parafollicular clear cells of thyroid gland
60
PTH is released in response to
decrease in free ca2+ plasma
61
PTH acts to increase free Ca2+ plasma by (5)
1. Stim osteoclasts to increase resorption of Ca2+ and phosphate in bone 2. Inhibit osteoblasts = reduce Ca2+ deposition in bone 3. Increase reabsorption of Ca2+ from kidney tubules = decrease excretion in urine 4. Increase renal excretion of phosphate = increase Ca2+ 5. Stimulate kidney to synthesise calcitriol from Vit d which promotes calcium absorption at gut and kidney
62
What is the active form of Vit D3 or 1.25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol
Calcitriol
63
Calcitirol is a
Steroid Hormone derived from cholesterol
64
Calcitriol is produced by
Inactive Vit D (Cholecalciferol) found in diet or skin | Enhanced by Prolactin
65
Calcitriol binds to nuclear receptors in intestine, bone and kidney to (3)
increase absorption of Ca2+ from gut facilitate renal absorption of Ca2+ mobilise calcium stores in bone by stem osteoclast activity
66
Prolactin does what to Calcitriol synthesis
Stimulates
67
How much dietary Ca2+ is absorbed in healthy individual
30%
68
In Vit D Deficiency what happens to levels
Fall to less than 20
69
What conditions can happen with Vit D deficiency
Rickets | osteomalacia
70
Which hormone acts to decrease Ca2+ plasma
Calcitonin - Peptide - Produced by Thyroid Gland - Secretion stim by increase Ca2+ - Binds to osteoclasts and inhibits bone resorption and increases Renal excretion
71
What does cortisol do to osteoblasts
inhibits
72
What to cortisol do to Calcium
Increases renal excretion Reduces intestinal absorption of Ca2+ = Increases Bone resorption
73
Osteogren does what to bone formation
Promotes
74
Prolactin does what to calcium absorption
Promotes

Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine (52 decks)

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