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Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine > Endocrine Physiology 4 > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal glands are situated where

A

Superior pole of kidney in retroperitoneal space

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2
Q

Adrenal Medulla makes up what percentage of adrenal gland

A

25%

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3
Q

Adrenal medulla is what type of gland

A

neuroendocrine

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4
Q

Adrenal Medulla secretes what from postganglionic cell

A

Catecholamines (Epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine and dopamine

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5
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes

A

Mineralcorticoids eg Aldosterone
Glucortocioids
Sex Steroids

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6
Q

aldosterone is involved in regulation of

A

na+ AND K

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7
Q

which hormones are essential for survival

A

aldosterone and cortisol

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8
Q

zona glomerulosa produces

A

aldosterone

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9
Q

zona fasiculata produces

A

glucorticoids

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10
Q

zona reticularis produces

A

sex hormones

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11
Q

Defects in 21 Hydroxylase common cause of

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia = deficiency in aldosterone and cortisol

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12
Q

Lack of 21 Hydroxylase inhibits

A

synthesis of cortisol

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13
Q

95% of plasma cortisol is bound to

A

carrier protein

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14
Q

All nucleated cells have

A

cytoplasmic glucorticoid receptors

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15
Q

Peak of cortisol release

A

6-9am

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16
Q

Cortisol has a what type of action on glucagon

A

permissive

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17
Q

Cortisol does what to Gluconeogenesis

A

Stimulates

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18
Q

Cortisol does what in Proteolysis

A

stimulates breakdown of muscle protein

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19
Q

Cortisol does what in lipolysis

A

stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue increasing FFA plasma

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20
Q

cortisol does what to insulin sensitivity

A

decrease

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21
Q

excess cortisol is said to be

A

diabetogenic

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22
Q

Cortisol does what to Ca2+ Balance (3)

A

Decrease Absorption from Gut
Increase Excretion at Kidney
Increase Bone Resorption = Osteoporosis

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23
Q

Cortisol does what to Norepinephrine

A

Permissive

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24
Q

Low levels of cortisol associated with

A

hypotension

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25
Q

Cortisol does what to immune system

A

Suppresses

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26
Q

Cortisol does what in muscle

A

Protein Catabolism

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27
Q

What is the risk of withdrawing chronic glucocorticoid treatment

A

Risk of adrenal insufficiency

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28
Q

What does aldosterone do to Na+ and K+ (3)

A

Increases reabsorption of Na+
Promotes excretion of K+
Increases Blood Vol and BP

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29
Q

1 Degrees Hypercortisolim is related to which condition

A

Cushings Syndrome

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30
Q

2 Degrees hypercortisolism is related to which condition

A

Cushings Disease

31
Q

Cortisol is said to be what in Cushings eg Anabolic or catabolic

A

Catabolic

32
Q

CRH and ACTH release promoted by

A

Stress

33
Q

which three factors disinhibit HPA

A

Alcohol
Caffeine
Lack of Sleep

34
Q

Phaeochromocytoma found in

A

Adrenal Medulla results in excess Catecholamines

35
Q

Phaeocromocytoma said to be

A

Diabetogenic due to adrenergic effect on glucose metabolism

36
Q

5 Roles of Calcium in Body

A 
Signalling
Clotting
Apoptosis
skeletal Strength
Membrane Excitability
37
Q

Ca2+ does what to Na+ permeability

A

Decreases

38
Q

What factor of calcium is most critical in short term homeostasis

A

Ca2+ decreases Na+ permeability

39
Q

Hypocalcaemia does what to neuronal na+ permeability

A

increases leading to hyper excitation of neurons

40
Q

hypercalcaemia does what to neuronal na+ permeability

A

decreases neuronal na+ permeability reducing excitability

41
Q

Calcium distribution in Bones

A

99%

42
Q

Calcium distribution intracellular

A

0.9% in Mitochondria and SR

43
Q

Calcium distribution Extracellular

A

0.1% (Cytosol)

44
Q

How much calcium in body free in solution and physiologically active

A

0.05%

45
Q

Calcium stored in bone in form of

A

Hydroxyapatite (Ca10, Po4)

46
Q

How much calcium in plasma

A

2.2-2.6mm (0.1%)

47
Q

Calcium affinity for proteins

A

Very high

40% bound to plasma proteins

48
Q

Calcium in plasma is

A

2.4mm
Free Ionised
Physiologically Active
Actually 1.2mm

49
Q

10% of Plasma Calcium Ions bind to

A

plasma anions

50
Q

Calcium distribution in blood protein bound

A

albumin 80%

globulin 20%

51
Q

calcium distribution free ionised in blood

A

50% and physiologically active

52
Q

calcium distribution complexed in blood

A

10%

53
Q

Binding capacity for plasma proteins and ca2+ increases under

A

alkalotic conditions eg hyperventilate than plasma ph rises

54
Q

what happens in acidosis with binding capacity for ca2+

A

reduces and free ca2+ plasma rises

55
Q

Total body calcium is determined by

A

total body calcium = calcium in-calcium out

56
Q

Osteoblasts are

A

bone building

57
Q

Osteoclasts

A

mobilise bone

Secrete H+

58
Q

Which two key hormones act to increase Ca2+ plasma

A

Parathyroid Hormone: polypeptide hormone

Calcitiriol produced from vit d by liver and kidneys

59
Q

which hormone acts to decrease ca2+ plasma

A

Calcitonin

  • Peptide hormone
  • released from parafollicular clear cells of thyroid gland
60
Q

PTH is released in response to

A

decrease in free ca2+ plasma

61
Q

PTH acts to increase free Ca2+ plasma by (5)

A
  1. Stim osteoclasts to increase resorption of Ca2+ and phosphate in bone
  2. Inhibit osteoblasts = reduce Ca2+ deposition in bone
  3. Increase reabsorption of Ca2+ from kidney tubules = decrease excretion in urine
  4. Increase renal excretion of phosphate = increase Ca2+
  5. Stimulate kidney to synthesise calcitriol from Vit d which promotes calcium absorption at gut and kidney
62
Q

What is the active form of Vit D3 or 1.25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol

A

Calcitriol

63
Q

Calcitirol is a

A

Steroid Hormone derived from cholesterol

64
Q

Calcitriol is produced by

A

Inactive Vit D (Cholecalciferol) found in diet or skin

Enhanced by Prolactin

65
Q

Calcitriol binds to nuclear receptors in intestine, bone and kidney to (3)

A

increase absorption of Ca2+ from gut
facilitate renal absorption of Ca2+
mobilise calcium stores in bone by stem osteoclast activity

66
Q

Prolactin does what to Calcitriol synthesis

A

Stimulates

67
Q

How much dietary Ca2+ is absorbed in healthy individual

A

30%

68
Q

In Vit D Deficiency what happens to levels

A

Fall to less than 20

69
Q

What conditions can happen with Vit D deficiency

A

Rickets

osteomalacia

70
Q

Which hormone acts to decrease Ca2+ plasma

A

Calcitonin

  • Peptide
  • Produced by Thyroid Gland
  • Secretion stim by increase Ca2+
  • Binds to osteoclasts and inhibits bone resorption and increases Renal excretion
71
Q

What does cortisol do to osteoblasts

A

inhibits

72
Q

What to cortisol do to Calcium

A

Increases renal excretion
Reduces intestinal absorption of Ca2+
= Increases Bone resorption

73
Q

Osteogren does what to bone formation

A

Promotes

74
Q

Prolactin does what to calcium absorption

A

Promotes

Systems 2nd Year: Endocrine (52 decks)

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