Weight Management & Health Promotion Midterm

Question 1

what is adipocytes?

Answer 1

a cell specialized for the storage of fat, found in connective tissue

Question 2

how is BMI calculated?

Answer 2

kg/M(squared)

Question 3

what are 2 consequences of having central adiposity?

Answer 3

1. immobilizes fat cells

2. compresses vital organs and can lead to chronic disease

Question 4

how is BMI measured for children?

Answer 4

percentile charts 
(babies increase BMI sharply, toddlers decrease childhood and adolescents increase)

Question 5

what is the agreed upon accepted level of fatness in kids?

Answer 5

TRICK, there is none

Question 6

approx. what is the percent of an obese adolescents becoming an obese young adult?

Answer 6

70-80%

Question 7

what are the four main consequences of obesity & over weight?

Answer 7

1. diminished health & psycho-social well-being
2. reduced socioeconomic prospects
3. Lower economic productivity of workforce
4. higher healthcare costs

Question 8

what are the 5 risks of central adiposity in relation to CVD

Answer 8

1. increased fat cell number
2. higher rate of blood flow
3. elevated cortisol receptor number
4. elevated androgen receptor number
5. increased catecholamine-induced lipolysis (immobilizes)

Question 9

what are the 5 risk factors for metabolic syndrome

Answer 9

1. central adipose
2. low HDL
3. high triglycerides
4. hypertension
5. impaired fasting glucose

Question 10

what are the 3 ways to expend energy?

Answer 10

1. RMR-60-70%
2. thermic effect of food- 10%
3. Physical activity- no number as we control it!

Question 11

what is the limit for fat storage?

Answer 11

NO LIMIT

Question 12

what is the delbuof illusion?

Answer 12

the illusion of there being more or less food based on the plate size

Question 13

paternal obesity is __ times more likely to result in child obesity and maternal obesity is ___ times more likely?

Answer 13

2

4

Question 14

what is the definition of fat shaming?

Answer 14

judging/discriminating against because of their size

Question 15

where do weight bias take place?(4 settings)

Answer 15

• employment setting
• medical setting
• interpersonal setting
• educational setting

Question 16

what are the two pain responses to internalizing social stereotypes?

Answer 16

1. attempting to lose weight

2. turn to food/refuse to diet

Question 17

what are 4 assertive coping strategies

Answer 17

• confronting perpetrator
• formal complaints (work setting)
• public social groups (strength in #’s)
• asserting body acceptance

Question 18

what are two self protection strategies?

Answer 18

• placing less value on bias

- avoiding social interactions

Question 19

what are four main causes for weight bias?

Answer 19

• cultural transmission
• media & negative stereotypes
• belief in controllability of weight
• belief in a “just world” and “beautiful =good”

Question 20

what is a macro level analysis?

Answer 20

government regulations (food industry, school lunch programs..) but picture issues

Question 21

what is a micro level analysis?

Answer 21

personal choices

Question 22

what is the intermediate level analysis?

Answer 22

eating environment (atmosphere) & food environment (5 S’s)

Question 23

portion sizes create________ _______

Answer 23

consumption norms

Question 24

what are three factors that cue people to overeat?

Answer 24

• “clean our plates”
• consumption norms
• underestimate calories

Question 25

what are the 5 S's?

Answer 25

- salience - structure - size - stockpile - served

Question 26

what are the three factors that influence salience?

Answer 26

- visual - olfactory - memories associated with foods

Question 27

what are two factors that influence structure?

Answer 27

- perceived variety (more variety more consumption) | - arrangement of food (appears to have greater variety)

Question 28

what are two factors that influence size?

Answer 28

- package portions have increases over the last 30 years | - increased portion size=increase consumption

Question 29

what are two factors that influence stockpile?

Answer 29

- increase visibility and salience | - bulk foods

Question 30

what are two factors that influence servings

Answer 30

- drinking glasses (vertical vs horizontal) | - plates and bowls (delbouef)

Question 31

how does the eating environment simulate consumption? (4)

Answer 31

1. eating atmosphere 2. eating effort 3. eating with others 4. eating distractions

Question 32

what are 4 factors that influence eating atmosphere?

Answer 32

- lighting - odor - noise and sounds of music - temperature

Question 33

what are 3 factors that influence eating efforts?

Answer 33

- ease, access or convenience - location of food - stopping points

Question 34

what are 2 factors that influence eating with others?

Answer 34

- eating with unfamiliar people (eat less or more aware) | - eating with familiar people (eat more & duration)

Question 35

what are 4 factors that influence eating with distractions?

Answer 35

- initiate (always have popcorn at the movies) - obscure(paying attention to the movie and not eating) - extend consumption( eat until the movie is done) - script-related eating (eating because of normal behaviors and not because of hunger)

Question 36

what is acanthosis negerians?

Answer 36

skin condition

Question 37

what is bioimpedance analysis

Answer 37

``` resistance and reactance of electrical current Pros: easy can measure ourselves short testing period cons: eating and drinking can effect reading +/- 10% standing position may effect reading not very reproducible ```

Question 38

what is 3 dimension photonic scanning?

Answer 38

``` high-speed digital cameras and math used to detect position of laser-light points projected onto surface of the body Pros: simple & accurate Cons: client is uncomfortable expensive need a trainer administrator quality of equipment varies results ```

Question 39

dilution techniqes

Answer 39

``` Total body water changes affect body composition Pros; easy for participate cons: expensive trained administer ```

Question 40

dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

Answer 40

``` whole body & regional estimates of bone mineral, bone free FFM & fat pros: fast accurate reproducible regional readings Cons: expensive radiation exposure weight limit of 182kg ```

Question 41

what are the two types of imaging techniques

Answer 41

MRI | CT

Question 42

pros and cons for an MRI

Answer 42

``` pros: can breakdown tissues accurate Cons: expensive uncomfortable for client size limitation ```

Question 43

what are the pros and cons for a CT

Answer 43

``` pros: accurate breakdown tissue Cons: expensive size limitation radiation ```

Question 44

what is magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

Answer 44

``` chemical composition of tissue Pros: accurate Cons: expensive ```

Question 45

to be diagnosised with PCOS what 2/3 symptoms do you have to have?

Answer 45

1. oligomennorhea (few periods less than 8 a year) 2. androgen excess (produced by ovaries & adrenal gland) 3. polycystic ovaries (growths on ovaries)

Question 46

NAFLD what are the four stages to liver death?

Answer 46

1. steatosis (inflamed liver) 2. NASH [nonalcoholic statohepatitis] (inflamed and starting to see signs of fibrosis) 3. Fibrosis 4. cirrhosis