Weight Management & Health Promotion Midterm Flashcards
what is adipocytes?
a cell specialized for the storage of fat, found in connective tissue
how is BMI calculated?
kg/M(squared)
what are 2 consequences of having central adiposity?
- immobilizes fat cells
2. compresses vital organs and can lead to chronic disease
how is BMI measured for children?
percentile charts (babies increase BMI sharply, toddlers decrease childhood and adolescents increase)
what is the agreed upon accepted level of fatness in kids?
TRICK, there is none
approx. what is the percent of an obese adolescents becoming an obese young adult?
70-80%
what are the four main consequences of obesity & over weight?
- diminished health & psycho-social well-being
- reduced socioeconomic prospects
- Lower economic productivity of workforce
- higher healthcare costs
what are the 5 risks of central adiposity in relation to CVD
- increased fat cell number
- higher rate of blood flow
- elevated cortisol receptor number
- elevated androgen receptor number
- increased catecholamine-induced lipolysis (immobilizes)
what are the 5 risk factors for metabolic syndrome
- central adipose
- low HDL
- high triglycerides
- hypertension
- impaired fasting glucose
what are the 3 ways to expend energy?
- RMR-60-70%
- thermic effect of food- 10%
- Physical activity- no number as we control it!
what is the limit for fat storage?
NO LIMIT
what is the delbuof illusion?
the illusion of there being more or less food based on the plate size
paternal obesity is __ times more likely to result in child obesity and maternal obesity is ___ times more likely?
2
4
what is the definition of fat shaming?
judging/discriminating against because of their size
where do weight bias take place?(4 settings)
- employment setting
- medical setting
- interpersonal setting
- educational setting
what are the two pain responses to internalizing social stereotypes?
- attempting to lose weight
2. turn to food/refuse to diet
what are 4 assertive coping strategies
- confronting perpetrator
- formal complaints (work setting)
- public social groups (strength in #’s)
- asserting body acceptance
what are two self protection strategies?
- placing less value on bias
- avoiding social interactions
what are four main causes for weight bias?
- cultural transmission
- media & negative stereotypes
- belief in controllability of weight
- belief in a “just world” and “beautiful =good”
what is a macro level analysis?
government regulations (food industry, school lunch programs..) but picture issues
what is a micro level analysis?
personal choices
what is the intermediate level analysis?
eating environment (atmosphere) & food environment (5 S’s)
portion sizes create________ _______
consumption norms
what are three factors that cue people to overeat?
- “clean our plates”
- consumption norms
- underestimate calories
what are the 5 S’s?
- salience
- structure
- size
- stockpile
- served
what are the three factors that influence salience?
- visual
- olfactory
- memories associated with foods
what are two factors that influence structure?
- perceived variety (more variety more consumption)
- arrangement of food (appears to have greater variety)
what are two factors that influence size?
- package portions have increases over the last 30 years
- increased portion size=increase consumption
what are two factors that influence stockpile?
- increase visibility and salience
- bulk foods
what are two factors that influence servings
- drinking glasses (vertical vs horizontal)
- plates and bowls (delbouef)
how does the eating environment simulate consumption? (4)
- eating atmosphere
- eating effort
- eating with others
- eating distractions
what are 4 factors that influence eating atmosphere?
- lighting
- odor
- noise and sounds of music
- temperature
what are 3 factors that influence eating efforts?
- ease, access or convenience
- location of food
- stopping points
what are 2 factors that influence eating with others?
- eating with unfamiliar people (eat less or more aware)
- eating with familiar people (eat more & duration)
what are 4 factors that influence eating with distractions?
- initiate (always have popcorn at the movies)
- obscure(paying attention to the movie and not eating)
- extend consumption( eat until the movie is done)
- script-related eating (eating because of normal behaviors and not because of hunger)
what is acanthosis negerians?
skin condition
what is bioimpedance analysis
resistance and reactance of electrical current Pros: easy can measure ourselves short testing period cons: eating and drinking can effect reading +/- 10% standing position may effect reading not very reproducible
what is 3 dimension photonic scanning?
high-speed digital cameras and math used to detect position of laser-light points projected onto surface of the body Pros: simple & accurate Cons: client is uncomfortable expensive need a trainer administrator quality of equipment varies results
dilution techniqes
Total body water changes affect body composition Pros; easy for participate cons: expensive trained administer
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
whole body & regional estimates of bone mineral, bone free FFM & fat pros: fast accurate reproducible regional readings Cons: expensive radiation exposure weight limit of 182kg
what are the two types of imaging techniques
MRI
CT
pros and cons for an MRI
pros: can breakdown tissues accurate Cons: expensive uncomfortable for client size limitation
what are the pros and cons for a CT
pros: accurate breakdown tissue Cons: expensive size limitation radiation
what is magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
chemical composition of tissue Pros: accurate Cons: expensive
to be diagnosised with PCOS what 2/3 symptoms do you have to have?
- oligomennorhea (few periods less than 8 a year)
- androgen excess (produced by ovaries & adrenal gland)
- polycystic ovaries (growths on ovaries)
NAFLD what are the four stages to liver death?
- steatosis (inflamed liver)
- NASH [nonalcoholic statohepatitis] (inflamed and starting to see signs of fibrosis)
- Fibrosis
- cirrhosis
