Research Processes Final Flashcards
what is systematic
plan, identify design collect data evaluate
what is objective
unbiased
what is logical
examining the procedures allows other to evaluate the conclusions
what is empirical
data is collected on which conclusions are based
what is reductive
general relationships are established from the data
what is replicable
actions are recorded and can be repeated
what are the two types of research
applied
basic
what Is basic research
deals with theoretical problems
- uses the lab setting
- carefully controlled conditions
- often uses animal subjects
- produces results that have limited direct applications
what is applied research
addresses immediate problems
- uses the real-world setting
- limited control over research setting
- uses human participates
- results have direct value to practitioners
what are the three levels of the continuum of basic to applied research
level 1- basic research
level 2- moderate relevance research
level 3- applied research
what is level one research
basic research
goal: theory-driven
approach: lab setting
what is level two research
moderate relevance research
goal: theory based using related skills movements
approach: replicated real-world setting in the lab
what is level three research
applied research
goal: immediate solutions
approach: real-world settings
what are 5 unscientific methods of problem solving
tenacity intuition authority the empirical method the rationalistic method
what is tenacity
clinging to beliefs regardless of the lack of supporting evidence
what is intuition
beliefs that cannot necessarily be justified
what is authority
what others (parents, coaches, teachers, peers) tell you to be true
what is the empirical method?
relying to much on your own experience or data
what is rationalistic method
deriving knowledge through reasoning
- deductive vs. inductive reasoning
what is deductive reasoning?
proceeds from general truths to specific truths or conclusion
what is inductive reasoning
proceeds from specific truths to the general truths
what is the fundamental problem with deductive reasoning
one has to believe that first statements are true without really knowing if they are in fact true
what are the two kinds of inductive methods
prefect
imperfect
what is perfect inductive method
conclusions are based on observations of all members of a population
- typically not possible because pop is too big
what is imperfect inductive method
conclusions based on observations of a small sample of the pop
- most research based on imperfect
- forms basis for scientific method
what is delimitations
limitations imposed by the researcher in the scope of the study; a choice the researcher make to define a workable research problem
what are examples of delimitations
- types of participates [varsity athletes]
- test protocols being administered
- data collected or variables included in analysis
- questions being asked
what is limitations
possible shortcomings or influences that either cannot by controlled or is the result of the delimitations imposed by the researcher
what are examples of limitations
- test may not fully address research problem being addressed
- data collection errors- body comp calipers everyone testes differently
- uncontrolled variables or factors
- faulty administration of testing procedures questionnaire training program
what are assumptions
things you assume to be true but do not test
what are examples of assumptions
- testing instruments are accurate
- subjects understood directions
- effort and/or honestly by participates
what is the operational definition
a clear, concise detailed definition of a variable that explains exactly how it will be measured
-important to define exact qualifications of measured variable
what is a research hypothesis
a tentative explanation or prediction of the eventual outcome of a research problem
what are characteristics of a research hypothesis
- relation between at least two variables
- simple, clear statement
- based on theory
- testable
- capable of being refuted
what is a directional hypothesis
prediction of a specific result
- collegiate volleyball player will demonstrate faster reaction times than high school level players
what is a non-directional hypothesis
prediction of a difference
-there will be a different in VO2 mac between collegiate level distance runners who strength train and those who do not
what is a null hypothesis
Hₒ is the symbol
- used for statistical testing
- stats that there will be no differences between groups or variables
- IV will have no effect on DV
what is hypothesis testing
involves determining the likelihood (probability) that the observed outcome is a result a chance occurrence
-can reject or accept Hₒ
research proposal should be written in _____ tense
future
what is the maxicon principle
- max true variance ( the odds that the real relationship will be found)
- min error variance( reduce all the mistakes that cold creep into a study to disguise the true relationship)
- control extraneous variance (make sure the rival hypotheses are the real explanation of the relationship)
what is variance
the variability of a measurement
what are the three questions to asking when recruiting participants
- are participants with special characteristics necessary for your research?
- can you obtain the necessary permission and cooperation from your participants
- can you find enough participants
what is a population
entire group of people or elements of interests having one or more common characteristics
what is the element
basic unit from which the data is collected
what is the sample
a subgroup of the population from which the data will be collected
what is population validity
the extent to which the results from the sample can be generalized the to the population
what are the two types of sampling methods
probability sampling
non-probability sampling
what is probability sampling
probability of selecting each participant is known
-random process(es) are used to select participants
what is non-probability sampling
probability of selecting each participants is not known
-participants are not randomly selected
what is sampling error
the extent to which sample values deviate from those that would be obtained from the entire population
-how different is sample from population; ideally no difference
what is normal distribution
- bell-shaped curve
- mean value is the middle (mean)
- most individual values close to mean
- number of individuals fall off rapidly towards the extreme values
what is simple random sampling
- everyone individual has equal chance of being selected
- selection of one person does not interfere without anyone else
- considered biased free (entirely based on chance)
what is the fishbowl technique
names of everyone in pop are put in a hate and sample is drawn
what is the random number table
assign numbers to members of pop use table to determine which members will be selected for sample
what is stratified random sampling
divide pop into various subgroups based on characteristic important to study, research participants randomly selected from each subgroup
what is systematic sampling
sample is drawn from very kth participant from a lost of pop
- if list random, systematic is okay
- if list is not random- slight biased
what is multistage sampling
successive random selection of smaller groups (samples) within larger groups
-ex. studying injury rate sin hockey players in Ontario
what are the 5 probability sampling techniques
simple random sampling procedure to obtain random sample stratified random sample systematic sampling multistage sampling
what are the 4 non-probability sampling
purposive sampling
convenience sampling
snowball sampling
extreme cases
what is purposive sampling
- researcher knows a specific characteristic exists in population
- participant selected who possess the characteristic
- used in many disciplines in kin
- ex. intact groups or teams
what is convenience sampling
- selection of participants because they are accessible and convenient to the researcher
- ex. volunteers, students
what is snowball sampling
-initial participants are recruited, who in turn identify additional potential participants
what is extreme cases
-participants are recruited because the are extreme examples of some characteristic
what is sample size
number of participants selected as a sample for a research study
what is the key factor of sample size
whether or not sample is representative of the population
what are the 3 factors that influence sample size
- use of statistical tests to analyse the data
- type of research approach being used
- method used to recruit participants
what are the three characteristics that instruments must have?
objectivity
reliability
validity
what is reliability
consistent each time the instrument is used
what is validity
instrument measures what it is suppose to measure
what are the three ways data can be collected
measurement techniques
observation techniques
questioning techniques
what are three types of measuring techniques
physical measures
cognitive measures
affective measures
what are physical measures
- direct and/or indirect measurements of a participant
- many examples in kin- biomechanics, physiology, motor control
what are cognitive measures
-knowledgeable acquisitions- tests/exams in education rules tests certification test
what are affective measures
measurement of feelings/emotions, opinions, attitudes, personality, motivation
what are the two observation techniques
direct observation
indirect observation
what is direct observations
- participant know they are being observed and why
- observers id present during observation, may influence results
what is indirect observations
- participants are observed with or without their knowledge
- video often used
- less risk of observer influence
what are the 4 common scaling techniques
rating scale
semantic differential scale
rank order scale
likert scale
what is ranking scale
- individual items are judged on a single dimension and scored on a linear scale or continuum
- a numerical or verbal point on the scale is selected that corresponds to their impression of the item
what are the two types of ranking scale
numerical scale
verbal scale
what is the numerical scale
how important to you is each of the issues listed below
what is verbal rating scale
team performance-common goals (no, moderate importance, greatest importance)
what is semantic differential scale
scale method designed for measuring ones ‘image’ of a selected topic or concept
place an x on the line below
what is rank order scale
items are ranked usually in terms of preference of importance, relative to each other
forced ranking
what is likert scale
a scaling technique which measures the respondent’s degree of agreement or disagreement on an issue, opinion or particular belief
‘strongly agree, agree….
what are the 7 questioning techniques
- structured questionnaire
- unstructured questionnaire
- checklist
- structured interview
- unstructured interview
- focus group interview
- Delphi technique
what is Delphi technique
- question method used to get consensus from a defined group on a specific topic
- individuals responds to questions
- individuals then revise their positions based on group trends/results
- revision continue until group consensus is formed
what are the 4 types of validity
local validity/ face validity
content validity
criterion validity
construct validity
what is local validity/face validity
- the degree to which a test or instrument obviously involves the performance being measured
- determined subjectively
what is content validity
the degree to which a test adequately sample what is covered in a course (education setting)
what is criterion validity
the degree to which scores on a test are related to some recognized standard or criterion
what are the two types of criterion validity
concurrent validity
predictive validity
what is concurrent validity
a measuring instrument us correlated with some criterion instrument that is administered concurrently or at about the same time
what is predictive validity
the degree to which scores of predictor variables can accurately predict criterion scores
what is construct validity
the degree to which a test measures a hypothetical construct
what is construct
abstract concept that cannot be directly measured or observed
example: anxiety
what is a subtype of construct validity
known group validity
what is group validity
the test scores of groups that should differ on a trait or ability are compared to determine if they are, in fact different
what are the two types of reliability
test retest reliability
inter-rater reliability
what is inter-rater reliability
a measure of the consistent of scores of measurements when different individuals conduct the same test
what are four sources of measurement error
participant
testing
scoring
instrumentation
what are the three criteria that must be present for experimental research
- the cause must precede the effect in times
- the cause and effect must be correlated with each other
- the correlation between cause and effect cannot be explained by another variable
in experimental research there are two types of validity
internal validity
external validity
what is internal validity
validity of the findings within or internal to the research study; the technique soundness of a study; the technical soundness of a study, particularly concerned with the control of extraneous influences that might effect the outcome
what is external validity
the degree to which the findings can be inferred to the population of interest or to other populations or settings; the generalizability of the results
what are 9 threats to internal validity
history maturation testing instrumentation statistical regression selection bases experimental mortality selection-maturation interaction expectancy
what are 4 threats to external validity
reaction or interaction effects of testing
interaction of selection biases and treatment
reactive affects of experimental arrangements
multiple-treatment interference
what are three controlling threats to internal validity
randomization
placebos
blinding
what are the uncontrolled threats to internal validity
reactive effective testing
instrumentation
experimental mortality
what is reactive effect testing
can be controlled by eliminating the pretest
what is the controlled threats to external validity
external validity cab be controlled by selecting participants, treatments, experimental situations and tests to represent some larger population
what are the three types od design
- pre-experimental
- true experimental
- quasi-experimental
what is pre-experimental
does not randomly assign participants to groups; control few sources of invalidity
what is true experimental
groups are randomly assigned; controls most sources of invalidity
what is quasi-experimental
experimenter trues to for design to real-world setting while still controlling as many threats to internal validity as possible
what 6 types of descriptive research
survey case study developmental research normative research correlation research observational research
what is a survey
determines views, opinion, or practices of a group through interviews or questionnaires
what three types of case studies are there
descriptive studies
interpretive studies
evaluative studies
what is a case study
studying a single case in depth to reach a greater understanding about a phenomenon or other similar causes
what is descriptive studies
provides detailed information about the topic of interest vou does not attempt to test a build theoretical model
what is interpretive studies
the focus is to interpret the data to conceptualize the information and theorize about the topic of interest
what is evaluative studies
evaluate the merit of some practice, program, movement or event
what is developmental research
study of the changes in behaviour across years
what are the two approaches of developmental research
longitudinal
cross sectional
what is normative research
normative research develops the performances standards which are based on large representative sample of the population
what are the two types of normative research
norm referenced
criterion referenced
what is norm referenced
rank order individuals from the best to worst in percentile ranks
what is criterion referenced
min proficiency or pass/fail standards
what is correlational research
determines if relations exist between two variables
what is observational research
research in which the data are the observations made of people or situations
data collection and analysis are time consuming
what are the four survey methods
phone interview
personal interview
administers questionnaires
distributed questionnaires
what is an administered questionnaire
questionnaire is give to participants at one time or to several groups at different times (in class, team)
what is a distributed questionnaire
used when sample is spread over a large geographic area, through mail
what are three questionnaire designs
open-ended
completion
multiple choice (close ended)
what are the 7 characteristics of qualitative research
- natural setting
- researcher as an instrument
- emergent approach
- interpretive approach
5 a holistic view
6 reflexivity and subjectivity
7 use of inductive analysis
competency is established through:
credibility
transferability
dependability
conformability
what is credibility
achieved when participants and setting are observed accurately (Internal validity)
what is transferability
whether the results can be transferred to other setting (external validity)
what is dependability
the quality of the data; how well the researcher deals with change (reliability)
what is conformability
data is collected without bias (objectivity)
researchers assign meaning to data with [3]
analytic narrative
narrative vignette
using quotes and examples to support ideas
one or more of the following will be used when analyzing data
triangulation
negative case checking
member checking
peer debriefing
what are the four types of qualitative research
phenomenological research
grounded theory
case study
ethnographical research
what is phenomenological research
the study of phenomena. it is a way of describing something that exists as part of the world in which we live. will not necessarily proved definite explanations
what is grounded theory
involves the development of new theory through the collection and analysis of data about a phenomenon
what is a case study
an in-depth analysis of single event, activity, process or individual
provides an intensive holistic understanding of a single unit
what is ethnographical research
ethnography means ‘portrait of a people’ it is a methodology for descriptive studying of cultures and people. the cultural parameter is that people under investigation have something in common: (geographical, religious, tribal, shared experiences )
what is effect size
an estimate of the practice difference between the mean values of two groups; it is the standard unit of measure used in a meta-analysis
what is epidemiological research
examines the distribution and determinates of health related states in specific populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems
what are the three components of epidemiological research
distribution
determinants
application
what are the 4 types of epidemiological designs
cross sectional research
ecological research
cohort studies (prospective studies)
case-control studies
what is cohort studies
a group is observed over a period of time, often many years
what is ecological research
uses existing data sources for both exposure and disease outcomes to examine rates of disease by specific characteristics of an entire population
