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Research Processes Final Flashcards

1
Q

what is systematic

A

plan, identify design collect data evaluate

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2
Q

what is objective

A

unbiased

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3
Q

what is logical

A

examining the procedures allows other to evaluate the conclusions

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4
Q

what is empirical

A

data is collected on which conclusions are based

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5
Q

what is reductive

A

general relationships are established from the data

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6
Q

what is replicable

A

actions are recorded and can be repeated

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7
Q

what are the two types of research

A

applied

basic

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8
Q

what Is basic research

A

deals with theoretical problems

  • uses the lab setting
  • carefully controlled conditions
  • often uses animal subjects
  • produces results that have limited direct applications
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9
Q

what is applied research

A

addresses immediate problems

  • uses the real-world setting
  • limited control over research setting
  • uses human participates
  • results have direct value to practitioners
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10
Q

what are the three levels of the continuum of basic to applied research

A

level 1- basic research
level 2- moderate relevance research
level 3- applied research

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11
Q

what is level one research

A

basic research

goal: theory-driven
approach: lab setting

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12
Q

what is level two research

A

moderate relevance research

goal: theory based using related skills movements
approach: replicated real-world setting in the lab

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13
Q

what is level three research

A

applied research

goal: immediate solutions
approach: real-world settings

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14
Q

what are 5 unscientific methods of problem solving

A 
tenacity 
intuition 
authority 
the empirical method 
the rationalistic method
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15
Q

what is tenacity

A

clinging to beliefs regardless of the lack of supporting evidence

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16
Q

what is intuition

A

beliefs that cannot necessarily be justified

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17
Q

what is authority

A

what others (parents, coaches, teachers, peers) tell you to be true

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18
Q

what is the empirical method?

A

relying to much on your own experience or data

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19
Q

what is rationalistic method

A

deriving knowledge through reasoning

- deductive vs. inductive reasoning

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20
Q

what is deductive reasoning?

A

proceeds from general truths to specific truths or conclusion

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21
Q

what is inductive reasoning

A

proceeds from specific truths to the general truths

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22
Q

what is the fundamental problem with deductive reasoning

A

one has to believe that first statements are true without really knowing if they are in fact true

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23
Q

what are the two kinds of inductive methods

A

prefect

imperfect

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24
Q

what is perfect inductive method

A

conclusions are based on observations of all members of a population
- typically not possible because pop is too big

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25
Q

what is imperfect inductive method

A

conclusions based on observations of a small sample of the pop

  • most research based on imperfect
  • forms basis for scientific method
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26
Q

what is delimitations

A

limitations imposed by the researcher in the scope of the study; a choice the researcher make to define a workable research problem

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27
Q

what are examples of delimitations

A
  • types of participates [varsity athletes]
  • test protocols being administered
  • data collected or variables included in analysis
  • questions being asked
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28
Q

what is limitations

A

possible shortcomings or influences that either cannot by controlled or is the result of the delimitations imposed by the researcher

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29
Q

what are examples of limitations

A
  • test may not fully address research problem being addressed
  • data collection errors- body comp calipers everyone testes differently
  • uncontrolled variables or factors
  • faulty administration of testing procedures questionnaire training program
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30
Q

what are assumptions

A

things you assume to be true but do not test

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31
Q

what are examples of assumptions

A
  • testing instruments are accurate
  • subjects understood directions
  • effort and/or honestly by participates
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32
Q

what is the operational definition

A

a clear, concise detailed definition of a variable that explains exactly how it will be measured
-important to define exact qualifications of measured variable

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33
Q

what is a research hypothesis

A

a tentative explanation or prediction of the eventual outcome of a research problem

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34
Q

what are characteristics of a research hypothesis

A
  • relation between at least two variables
  • simple, clear statement
  • based on theory
  • testable
  • capable of being refuted
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35
Q

what is a directional hypothesis

A

prediction of a specific result

- collegiate volleyball player will demonstrate faster reaction times than high school level players

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36
Q

what is a non-directional hypothesis

A

prediction of a difference

-there will be a different in VO2 mac between collegiate level distance runners who strength train and those who do not

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37
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

Hₒ is the symbol

  • used for statistical testing
  • stats that there will be no differences between groups or variables
    • IV will have no effect on DV
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38
Q

what is hypothesis testing

A

involves determining the likelihood (probability) that the observed outcome is a result a chance occurrence
-can reject or accept Hₒ

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39
Q

research proposal should be written in _____ tense

A

future

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40
Q

what is the maxicon principle

A
  • max true variance ( the odds that the real relationship will be found)
  • min error variance( reduce all the mistakes that cold creep into a study to disguise the true relationship)
  • control extraneous variance (make sure the rival hypotheses are the real explanation of the relationship)
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41
Q

what is variance

A

the variability of a measurement

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42
Q

what are the three questions to asking when recruiting participants

A
  1. are participants with special characteristics necessary for your research?
  2. can you obtain the necessary permission and cooperation from your participants
  3. can you find enough participants
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43
Q

what is a population

A

entire group of people or elements of interests having one or more common characteristics

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44
Q

what is the element

A

basic unit from which the data is collected

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45
Q

what is the sample

A

a subgroup of the population from which the data will be collected

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46
Q

what is population validity

A

the extent to which the results from the sample can be generalized the to the population

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47
Q

what are the two types of sampling methods

A

probability sampling

non-probability sampling

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48
Q

what is probability sampling

A

probability of selecting each participant is known

-random process(es) are used to select participants

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49
Q

what is non-probability sampling

A

probability of selecting each participants is not known

-participants are not randomly selected

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50
Q

what is sampling error

A

the extent to which sample values deviate from those that would be obtained from the entire population
-how different is sample from population; ideally no difference

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51
Q

what is normal distribution

A
  • bell-shaped curve
  • mean value is the middle (mean)
  • most individual values close to mean
  • number of individuals fall off rapidly towards the extreme values
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52
Q

what is simple random sampling

A
  • everyone individual has equal chance of being selected
  • selection of one person does not interfere without anyone else
  • considered biased free (entirely based on chance)
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53
Q

what is the fishbowl technique

A

names of everyone in pop are put in a hate and sample is drawn

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54
Q

what is the random number table

A

assign numbers to members of pop use table to determine which members will be selected for sample

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55
Q

what is stratified random sampling

A

divide pop into various subgroups based on characteristic important to study, research participants randomly selected from each subgroup

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56
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

sample is drawn from very kth participant from a lost of pop

  • if list random, systematic is okay
  • if list is not random- slight biased
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57
Q

what is multistage sampling

A

successive random selection of smaller groups (samples) within larger groups
-ex. studying injury rate sin hockey players in Ontario

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58
Q

what are the 5 probability sampling techniques

A 
simple random sampling 
procedure to obtain random sample
stratified random sample
systematic sampling
multistage sampling
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59
Q

what are the 4 non-probability sampling

A

purposive sampling
convenience sampling
snowball sampling
extreme cases

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60
Q

what is purposive sampling

A
  • researcher knows a specific characteristic exists in population
  • participant selected who possess the characteristic
  • used in many disciplines in kin
  • ex. intact groups or teams
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61
Q

what is convenience sampling

A
  • selection of participants because they are accessible and convenient to the researcher
  • ex. volunteers, students
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62
Q

what is snowball sampling

A

-initial participants are recruited, who in turn identify additional potential participants

63
Q

what is extreme cases

A

-participants are recruited because the are extreme examples of some characteristic

64
Q

what is sample size

A

number of participants selected as a sample for a research study

65
Q

what is the key factor of sample size

A

whether or not sample is representative of the population

66
Q

what are the 3 factors that influence sample size

A
  1. use of statistical tests to analyse the data
  2. type of research approach being used
  3. method used to recruit participants
67
Q

what are the three characteristics that instruments must have?

A

objectivity
reliability
validity

68
Q

what is reliability

A

consistent each time the instrument is used

69
Q

what is validity

A

instrument measures what it is suppose to measure

70
Q

what are the three ways data can be collected

A

measurement techniques
observation techniques
questioning techniques

71
Q

what are three types of measuring techniques

A

physical measures
cognitive measures
affective measures

72
Q

what are physical measures

A
  • direct and/or indirect measurements of a participant

- many examples in kin- biomechanics, physiology, motor control

73
Q

what are cognitive measures

A

-knowledgeable acquisitions- tests/exams in education rules tests certification test

74
Q

what are affective measures

A

measurement of feelings/emotions, opinions, attitudes, personality, motivation

75
Q

what are the two observation techniques

A

direct observation

indirect observation

76
Q

what is direct observations

A
  • participant know they are being observed and why

- observers id present during observation, may influence results

77
Q

what is indirect observations

A
  • participants are observed with or without their knowledge
  • video often used
  • less risk of observer influence
78
Q

what are the 4 common scaling techniques

A

rating scale
semantic differential scale
rank order scale
likert scale

79
Q

what is ranking scale

A
  • individual items are judged on a single dimension and scored on a linear scale or continuum
  • a numerical or verbal point on the scale is selected that corresponds to their impression of the item
80
Q

what are the two types of ranking scale

A

numerical scale

verbal scale

81
Q

what is the numerical scale

A

how important to you is each of the issues listed below

82
Q

what is verbal rating scale

A

team performance-common goals (no, moderate importance, greatest importance)

83
Q

what is semantic differential scale

A

scale method designed for measuring ones ‘image’ of a selected topic or concept
place an x on the line below

84
Q

what is rank order scale

A

items are ranked usually in terms of preference of importance, relative to each other
forced ranking

85
Q

what is likert scale

A

a scaling technique which measures the respondent’s degree of agreement or disagreement on an issue, opinion or particular belief
‘strongly agree, agree….

86
Q

what are the 7 questioning techniques

A
  1. structured questionnaire
  2. unstructured questionnaire
  3. checklist
  4. structured interview
  5. unstructured interview
  6. focus group interview
  7. Delphi technique
87
Q

what is Delphi technique

A
  • question method used to get consensus from a defined group on a specific topic
  • individuals responds to questions
  • individuals then revise their positions based on group trends/results
  • revision continue until group consensus is formed
88
Q

what are the 4 types of validity

A

local validity/ face validity
content validity
criterion validity
construct validity

89
Q

what is local validity/face validity

A
  • the degree to which a test or instrument obviously involves the performance being measured
  • determined subjectively
90
Q

what is content validity

A

the degree to which a test adequately sample what is covered in a course (education setting)

91
Q

what is criterion validity

A

the degree to which scores on a test are related to some recognized standard or criterion

92
Q

what are the two types of criterion validity

A

concurrent validity

predictive validity

93
Q

what is concurrent validity

A

a measuring instrument us correlated with some criterion instrument that is administered concurrently or at about the same time

94
Q

what is predictive validity

A

the degree to which scores of predictor variables can accurately predict criterion scores

95
Q

what is construct validity

A

the degree to which a test measures a hypothetical construct

96
Q

what is construct

A

abstract concept that cannot be directly measured or observed
example: anxiety

97
Q

what is a subtype of construct validity

A

known group validity

98
Q

what is group validity

A

the test scores of groups that should differ on a trait or ability are compared to determine if they are, in fact different

99
Q

what are the two types of reliability

A

test retest reliability

inter-rater reliability

100
Q

what is inter-rater reliability

A

a measure of the consistent of scores of measurements when different individuals conduct the same test

101
Q

what are four sources of measurement error

A

participant
testing
scoring
instrumentation

102
Q

what are the three criteria that must be present for experimental research

A
  1. the cause must precede the effect in times
  2. the cause and effect must be correlated with each other
  3. the correlation between cause and effect cannot be explained by another variable
103
Q

in experimental research there are two types of validity

A

internal validity

external validity

104
Q

what is internal validity

A

validity of the findings within or internal to the research study; the technique soundness of a study; the technical soundness of a study, particularly concerned with the control of extraneous influences that might effect the outcome

105
Q

what is external validity

A

the degree to which the findings can be inferred to the population of interest or to other populations or settings; the generalizability of the results

106
Q

what are 9 threats to internal validity

A 
history 
maturation 
testing 
instrumentation 
statistical regression 
selection bases 
experimental mortality
selection-maturation interaction 
expectancy
107
Q

what are 4 threats to external validity

A

reaction or interaction effects of testing
interaction of selection biases and treatment
reactive affects of experimental arrangements
multiple-treatment interference

108
Q

what are three controlling threats to internal validity

A

randomization
placebos
blinding

109
Q

what are the uncontrolled threats to internal validity

A

reactive effective testing
instrumentation
experimental mortality

110
Q

what is reactive effect testing

A

can be controlled by eliminating the pretest

111
Q

what is the controlled threats to external validity

A

external validity cab be controlled by selecting participants, treatments, experimental situations and tests to represent some larger population

112
Q

what are the three types od design

A
  1. pre-experimental
  2. true experimental
  3. quasi-experimental
113
Q

what is pre-experimental

A

does not randomly assign participants to groups; control few sources of invalidity

114
Q

what is true experimental

A

groups are randomly assigned; controls most sources of invalidity

115
Q

what is quasi-experimental

A

experimenter trues to for design to real-world setting while still controlling as many threats to internal validity as possible

116
Q

what 6 types of descriptive research

A 
survey 
case study 
developmental research 
normative research 
correlation research 
observational research
117
Q

what is a survey

A

determines views, opinion, or practices of a group through interviews or questionnaires

118
Q

what three types of case studies are there

A

descriptive studies
interpretive studies
evaluative studies

119
Q

what is a case study

A

studying a single case in depth to reach a greater understanding about a phenomenon or other similar causes

120
Q

what is descriptive studies

A

provides detailed information about the topic of interest vou does not attempt to test a build theoretical model

121
Q

what is interpretive studies

A

the focus is to interpret the data to conceptualize the information and theorize about the topic of interest

122
Q

what is evaluative studies

A

evaluate the merit of some practice, program, movement or event

123
Q

what is developmental research

A

study of the changes in behaviour across years

124
Q

what are the two approaches of developmental research

A

longitudinal

cross sectional

125
Q

what is normative research

A

normative research develops the performances standards which are based on large representative sample of the population

126
Q

what are the two types of normative research

A

norm referenced

criterion referenced

127
Q

what is norm referenced

A

rank order individuals from the best to worst in percentile ranks

128
Q

what is criterion referenced

A

min proficiency or pass/fail standards

129
Q

what is correlational research

A

determines if relations exist between two variables

130
Q

what is observational research

A

research in which the data are the observations made of people or situations
data collection and analysis are time consuming

131
Q

what are the four survey methods

A

phone interview
personal interview
administers questionnaires
distributed questionnaires

132
Q

what is an administered questionnaire

A

questionnaire is give to participants at one time or to several groups at different times (in class, team)

133
Q

what is a distributed questionnaire

A

used when sample is spread over a large geographic area, through mail

134
Q

what are three questionnaire designs

A

open-ended
completion
multiple choice (close ended)

135
Q

what are the 7 characteristics of qualitative research

A
  1. natural setting
  2. researcher as an instrument
  3. emergent approach
  4. interpretive approach
    5 a holistic view
    6 reflexivity and subjectivity
    7 use of inductive analysis
136
Q

competency is established through:

A

credibility
transferability
dependability
conformability

137
Q

what is credibility

A

achieved when participants and setting are observed accurately (Internal validity)

138
Q

what is transferability

A

whether the results can be transferred to other setting (external validity)

139
Q

what is dependability

A

the quality of the data; how well the researcher deals with change (reliability)

140
Q

what is conformability

A

data is collected without bias (objectivity)

141
Q

researchers assign meaning to data with [3]

A

analytic narrative
narrative vignette
using quotes and examples to support ideas

142
Q

one or more of the following will be used when analyzing data

A

triangulation
negative case checking
member checking
peer debriefing

143
Q

what are the four types of qualitative research

A

phenomenological research
grounded theory
case study
ethnographical research

144
Q

what is phenomenological research

A

the study of phenomena. it is a way of describing something that exists as part of the world in which we live. will not necessarily proved definite explanations

145
Q

what is grounded theory

A

involves the development of new theory through the collection and analysis of data about a phenomenon

146
Q

what is a case study

A

an in-depth analysis of single event, activity, process or individual
provides an intensive holistic understanding of a single unit

147
Q

what is ethnographical research

A

ethnography means ‘portrait of a people’ it is a methodology for descriptive studying of cultures and people. the cultural parameter is that people under investigation have something in common: (geographical, religious, tribal, shared experiences )

148
Q

what is effect size

A

an estimate of the practice difference between the mean values of two groups; it is the standard unit of measure used in a meta-analysis

149
Q

what is epidemiological research

A

examines the distribution and determinates of health related states in specific populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems

150
Q

what are the three components of epidemiological research

A

distribution
determinants
application

151
Q

what are the 4 types of epidemiological designs

A

cross sectional research
ecological research
cohort studies (prospective studies)
case-control studies

152
Q

what is cohort studies

A

a group is observed over a period of time, often many years

153
Q

what is ecological research

A

uses existing data sources for both exposure and disease outcomes to examine rates of disease by specific characteristics of an entire population

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