dynamic constancy and 'normal' internal environment - control systems of the body - nature of the control systems

Exercise Physiology Flashcards by Maggie Kuzmich

what is homeostasis?

dynamic constancy and ‘normal’ internal environment

control systems of the body
nature of the control systems

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what are three examples of a nature of the control system

negative feedback
positive feedback
gain of a control system

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what variable is manipulated by the researcher

independent ( on x- axis)

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what is stead state

physiological variable is unchanging, but not necessarily ‘normal’
balance between demands placed on the body and the body’s response to those demands (ex. body temp during exercise)

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what is intracellular control systems

protein breakdown and synthesis
energy production
maintenance of stored nutrients

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what is organ systems

pulmonary and circulatory systems

-replenish oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

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what is two of the body’s control systems

intracellular control systems

organ systems

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what non-biological control system can the body’s systems be compared to?

a thermostat

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what is a biological control system?

series of interconnected components that maintain a physical r chemical parameter at a near constant value

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what are the three components of a biological control system?

sensor or receptor
control center
effector

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what is a senor

detects changes in a variable

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what is a control center?

assesses input and initiates response

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what is a effector

changes internal environment back to normal

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what is a negative feedback system?

response reverse the initial disturbance in homeostasis

most control systems work via negative feedback

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what is a positive feedback system

response increases the original stimulus

example: childbirth

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what is a gain of a controls system?

degree to which a control system maintains homeostasis. system with large gain is more capable of maintaining homeostasis than system with low gain. example: pulmonary and cardiovascular systems have large gains

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what are three examples of homeostatic control?

regulation of body temperature
regulation of blood glucose
regulation of cellular homeostasis

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how does the body regulate body temperature

thermal receptors, sends message to brain the response y skin blood vessels and sweat glands regulate temp

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how does the body regulate blood glucose

requires the hormone insulin, diabetes (failure of blood glucose control system)

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how does the body regulate the cellular homeostasis

stress proteins (heat shock proteins) 
-repair damaged proteins to restore homeostasis in response to changes in temperature, pH and free radicals

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what would a failure of any component of a control system result in a disturbance of homeostasis

disease

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5.1% of adult population suffers from ________

type 2 diabetes

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cells synthesize ‘stress proteins’ when ________ is disrupted

homeostasis

ex. heat shock proteins ( chaperone and repair functions)

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Hsp90 is part of a family of proteins known as _______ which are solely dedicated to helping other proteins fold and assume their proper functions

chaperones

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what is an example of a heat shock protein

Hsp90

when Hsp90 is compromised the number of morphological changes increases, which lead to formation of inactive or abnormally active polypeptides (________ _________)

homeostasis is disrupted

does exercise disrupt homeostasis

yes in many ways

what is metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

what are the two types of metabolism

anabolic reaction | catabolic reaction

what is anabolic reaction

synthesis of molecules

what is catabolic reaction

breakdown of molecules

what is bioenergetics

converting foodstuffs (fats, protein, carbohydrates) into energy

what is a cell membrane

semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment (protection)

what is the nucleus

contains genes that regulate protein synthesis | -molecular biology

what is cytoplasm

- fluid portion of cell | - contains organelles (mitochondria)

what are the three major parts of a cell

cell membrane nucleus cytoplasm

what are three cellular chemical reactions

endergonic reactions exergonic reactions coupled reactions

what is endergonic reactions

require energy to be added | endothermic

what is exergonic reactions

release energy exothermic (in a graph looks like stairs)

what is couples reactions

liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

the energy given off by exergonic reaction powers the _______ reaction in an ______ reaction

endergonic | coupled

what is oxidation

removing an electron

what is reduction

addition of electron

oxidation and reduction are always _______ reactions

coupled

oxidation-reduction reaction often involved the transfer of ______ atoms rather than free electrons

hydrogen

a molecule that loses a hydrogen also loses an electron and therefore is _______

oxidized

what are the two important components in a oxidation-reduction reaction

NAD and FAD

NAH is an _______ agent

oxidizing

NADH is a _____ agent

reducing

catalysts regulate ____ of reactions

speed | -lower the energy of activation

what are two factors that regulate enzyme activity

temperature | pH

how would you describe an interact with specific substrates

lock and key model

damaged cells release enzymes into the blood which can indicate what?

enzymes levels in blood indicate disease or tissue damage

what is a diagnostic application of enzyme blood levels

elevated lactate dehydrogenase or creatine kinase in the blood may indicate a myocardial infarction

what are the 6 classification of enzymes

- oxidoreductases - transferases - hydrolases - lyases - isomerases - ligases

what is oxidoreductases

catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions

what is transferases

transfer elements of one molecule to another

what is hydrolases

cleave bonds by adding water

what is lyases

groups of elements are removed to forma double bond or added to a double bone

what is isomerases

rearrangement of the structure of molecules

what is ligases

catalyze bond formation between substrate molecules

what are two factors that will alter enzyme activity

temperature | pH

how does temperature alter enzyme activity

- small rise in body temperature increases enzyme activity | - exercises results in increased body temperature

how does pH alter enzyme activity

- changes in pH reduces enzyme activity | - lactic acid produced during exercise

what are two carbohydrates

glucose | glycogen

what does glycogen do?

- storage form of glucose in liver and muscle * synthesized by enzyme glycogen synthase - glycogenolysis * breakdown of glycogen to glucose

what are the three fats

fatty acids phospholipids steroids

what does a fatty acid do

- primary type of fat used by the muscle - triglycerides - storage form of fat in muscle and adipose tissue - breaks down into glycerol and fatty acids

what does phospholipids do?

not used as energy source

What do steroids do?

derived from cholesterol | needed to synthesize sex hormones

what are proteins composed of?

amino acids

what is gluconeogenesis

protein being converted to glucose in the liver

is protein a primary energy source during exercise?

glucose is stored in animal cells as a ________ called glycogen

polysaccharide

what does ATP stand for

adenosine triphosphate

what consists of ATP

adenine ribose three linked phosphates

what are the three stages of ATP formation

- phosphocreatine (PC) breakdown - degeneration of glucose and glycogen (glycolysis) - oxidative formation of ATP

what are two facts about anaerobic pathways

- do no involve O2 | - PC (phosphocreatine) breakdown and glycolysis

what are two facts about aerobic pathways

- require O2 | - oxidative phosphorylation

what are the two anaerobic ATP productions

ATP-PC system | glycolysis

what is the ATP-PC system

immediate source of ATP PC + ADP -----> ATP + C creatine kinase

what is glycolysis

- glucose--> pyruvic acid or 2 lactic acid - energy investment phase (requires 2 ATP) - energy generation phase (produce: 4 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate)

what does the energy generation phase of glycolysis produce?

4 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate

does creatine supplementation improve exercise performance?

- increase muscle PC (phosphocreatine) stores - improves short term high intensity - increased strength and fat-free mass with resistance training

does creatine supplementation appear to pose health risks?

depletion of _____ may limit short-term, high intensity exercise

phosphocreatine

_____ is the conjugated base of lactic acid

lactate

the ionization of lactic acid forms the conjugated base called _____

lactate

_______ id produced in glycolysis

lactic acid | - rapidly disassociates to lactate and H+

what are the two phases of glycolysis

1. energy investment phase | 2. energy generation phase

what is requires during the energy investment phase

2 ATP

what is produced during the energy generation phase

4 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate

what are the transport hydrogen's and associated electrons during aerobic

to mitochondria for ATP generation

what are the transport hydrogen's and associated electrons during anaerobic

to convert pyruvic acid to lactic acid

what does NAD stand for

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

what does FAD stand for

flavin adenine dinucleotide

NADH is the '_____' into the mitochondria

shuttle

NADH produced in glycolysis must be converted back to ____. and how

NAD - by converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid - by 'shuttling' H+ into the mitochondria

a specific transport system shuttles ___ across the mitochondrial membrane

H+

how do you concert pyruvic acid to lactic acid?

add two H+ to pyruvic acid

skeletal muscles produce _____ that is quickly converted to______

lactic acid | lactate

what are the three ways the muscles can produce ATP using 1 or a combination of

1. ATP-PC system 2. glycolysis 3. oxidative ATP production

what is the aerobic ATP production

krebs cycle( citric acid cycle / oxidative ATP production

what fat is used in aerobic metabolism

triglycerides--> glycerol and fatty acids fatty acids---> acetyl- CoA (beta-oxidation) -glycerol is not an important muscle fuel during exercise

what protein is used in aerobic metabolism

- broken down into amino acids | - converted to glucose, pyruvic acid, acetyl-CoA and krebs cycle intermediates

what is an aerobic ATP production

electron transport chain

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

mitochondria

during the electron transport chain electrons removed from NADH and FADH are passed along a series of carriers (________) to produce ATP

cytochromes

what does the electron transport chain produce?

each NADH produces 2.5 ATP | each FADH produces 1.5 ATP

what is the chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP formation

electron transport chain results in pumping of H+ ions across inner mitochondrial membrane (H+ gradient) -energy released to form ATP as H+ ions diffuse back across the membrane

the H+ from NADH and FADH in the electron transport chain is accepted by ___ to form ____

O2 | water

beta oxidation is the process of converting ______ to _______

fatty acids | acetyl- CoA

what enters the krebs cycle?

acetyl-CoA

activated fatty acid ( fatty acyl-CoA) into the mitochondrion, fatty acid 'chopped' into _____ fragments forming acetyl-CoA

2 carbon

how many ATP are produces from 1 glucose

32 ATP

Exercise Physiology Flashcards

(115 cards)