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Exercise Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

dynamic constancy and ‘normal’ internal environment

  • control systems of the body
  • nature of the control systems
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2
Q

what are three examples of a nature of the control system

A

negative feedback
positive feedback
gain of a control system

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3
Q

what variable is manipulated by the researcher

A

independent ( on x- axis)

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4
Q

what is stead state

A

physiological variable is unchanging, but not necessarily ‘normal’
balance between demands placed on the body and the body’s response to those demands (ex. body temp during exercise)

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5
Q

what is intracellular control systems

A
  • protein breakdown and synthesis
  • energy production
  • maintenance of stored nutrients
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6
Q

what is organ systems

A

pulmonary and circulatory systems

-replenish oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

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7
Q

what is two of the body’s control systems

A

intracellular control systems

organ systems

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8
Q

what non-biological control system can the body’s systems be compared to?

A

a thermostat

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9
Q

what is a biological control system?

A

series of interconnected components that maintain a physical r chemical parameter at a near constant value

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10
Q

what are the three components of a biological control system?

A

sensor or receptor
control center
effector

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11
Q

what is a senor

A

detects changes in a variable

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12
Q

what is a control center?

A

assesses input and initiates response

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13
Q

what is a effector

A

changes internal environment back to normal

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14
Q

what is a negative feedback system?

A

response reverse the initial disturbance in homeostasis

most control systems work via negative feedback

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15
Q

what is a positive feedback system

A

response increases the original stimulus

example: childbirth

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16
Q

what is a gain of a controls system?

A

degree to which a control system maintains homeostasis. system with large gain is more capable of maintaining homeostasis than system with low gain. example: pulmonary and cardiovascular systems have large gains

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17
Q

what are three examples of homeostatic control?

A

regulation of body temperature
regulation of blood glucose
regulation of cellular homeostasis

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18
Q

how does the body regulate body temperature

A

thermal receptors, sends message to brain the response y skin blood vessels and sweat glands regulate temp

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19
Q

how does the body regulate blood glucose

A

requires the hormone insulin, diabetes (failure of blood glucose control system)

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20
Q

how does the body regulate the cellular homeostasis

A 
stress proteins (heat shock proteins) 
-repair damaged proteins to restore homeostasis in response to changes in temperature, pH and free radicals
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21
Q

what would a failure of any component of a control system result in a disturbance of homeostasis

A

disease

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22
Q

5.1% of adult population suffers from ________

A

type 2 diabetes

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23
Q

cells synthesize ‘stress proteins’ when ________ is disrupted

A

homeostasis

ex. heat shock proteins ( chaperone and repair functions)

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24
Q

Hsp90 is part of a family of proteins known as _______ which are solely dedicated to helping other proteins fold and assume their proper functions

A

chaperones

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25
Q

what is an example of a heat shock protein

A

Hsp90

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26
Q

when Hsp90 is compromised the number of morphological changes increases, which lead to formation of inactive or abnormally active polypeptides (________ _________)

A

homeostasis is disrupted

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27
Q

does exercise disrupt homeostasis

A

yes in many ways

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28
Q

what is metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

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29
Q

what are the two types of metabolism

A

anabolic reaction

catabolic reaction

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30
Q

what is anabolic reaction

A

synthesis of molecules

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31
Q

what is catabolic reaction

A

breakdown of molecules

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32
Q

what is bioenergetics

A

converting foodstuffs (fats, protein, carbohydrates) into energy

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33
Q

what is a cell membrane

A

semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment (protection)

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34
Q

what is the nucleus

A

contains genes that regulate protein synthesis

-molecular biology

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35
Q

what is cytoplasm

A
  • fluid portion of cell

- contains organelles (mitochondria)

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36
Q

what are the three major parts of a cell

A

cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm

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37
Q

what are three cellular chemical reactions

A

endergonic reactions
exergonic reactions
coupled reactions

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38
Q

what is endergonic reactions

A

require energy to be added

endothermic

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39
Q

what is exergonic reactions

A

release energy
exothermic
(in a graph looks like stairs)

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40
Q

what is couples reactions

A

liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

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41
Q

the energy given off by exergonic reaction powers the _______ reaction in an ______ reaction

A

endergonic

coupled

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42
Q

what is oxidation

A

removing an electron

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43
Q

what is reduction

A

addition of electron

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44
Q

oxidation and reduction are always _______ reactions

A

coupled

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45
Q

oxidation-reduction reaction often involved the transfer of ______ atoms rather than free electrons

A

hydrogen

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46
Q

a molecule that loses a hydrogen also loses an electron and therefore is _______

A

oxidized

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47
Q

what are the two important components in a oxidation-reduction reaction

A

NAD and FAD

48
Q

NAH is an _______ agent

A

oxidizing

49
Q

NADH is a _____ agent

A

reducing

50
Q

catalysts regulate ____ of reactions

A

speed

-lower the energy of activation

51
Q

what are two factors that regulate enzyme activity

A

temperature

pH

52
Q

how would you describe an interact with specific substrates

A

lock and key model

53
Q

damaged cells release enzymes into the blood which can indicate what?

A

enzymes levels in blood indicate disease or tissue damage

54
Q

what is a diagnostic application of enzyme blood levels

A

elevated lactate dehydrogenase or creatine kinase in the blood may indicate a myocardial infarction

55
Q

what are the 6 classification of enzymes

A
  • oxidoreductases
  • transferases
  • hydrolases
  • lyases
  • isomerases
  • ligases
56
Q

what is oxidoreductases

A

catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions

57
Q

what is transferases

A

transfer elements of one molecule to another

58
Q

what is hydrolases

A

cleave bonds by adding water

59
Q

what is lyases

A

groups of elements are removed to forma double bond or added to a double bone

60
Q

what is isomerases

A

rearrangement of the structure of molecules

61
Q

what is ligases

A

catalyze bond formation between substrate molecules

62
Q

what are two factors that will alter enzyme activity

A

temperature

pH

63
Q

how does temperature alter enzyme activity

A
  • small rise in body temperature increases enzyme activity

- exercises results in increased body temperature

64
Q

how does pH alter enzyme activity

A
  • changes in pH reduces enzyme activity

- lactic acid produced during exercise

65
Q

what are two carbohydrates

A

glucose

glycogen

66
Q

what does glycogen do?

A
  • storage form of glucose in liver and muscle
  • synthesized by enzyme glycogen synthase
  • glycogenolysis
  • breakdown of glycogen to glucose
67
Q

what are the three fats

A

fatty acids
phospholipids
steroids

68
Q

what does a fatty acid do

A
  • primary type of fat used by the muscle
  • triglycerides
    • storage form of fat in muscle and adipose tissue
    • breaks down into glycerol and fatty acids
69
Q

what does phospholipids do?

A

not used as energy source

70
Q

What do steroids do?

A

derived from cholesterol

needed to synthesize sex hormones

71
Q

what are proteins composed of?

A

amino acids

72
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

protein being converted to glucose in the liver

73
Q

is protein a primary energy source during exercise?

A

no

74
Q

glucose is stored in animal cells as a ________ called glycogen

A

polysaccharide

75
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

76
Q

what consists of ATP

A

adenine
ribose
three linked phosphates

77
Q

what are the three stages of ATP formation

A
  • phosphocreatine (PC) breakdown
  • degeneration of glucose and glycogen (glycolysis)
  • oxidative formation of ATP
78
Q

what are two facts about anaerobic pathways

A
  • do no involve O2

- PC (phosphocreatine) breakdown and glycolysis

79
Q

what are two facts about aerobic pathways

A
  • require O2

- oxidative phosphorylation

80
Q

what are the two anaerobic ATP productions

A

ATP-PC system

glycolysis

81
Q

what is the ATP-PC system

A

immediate source of ATP
PC + ADP —–> ATP + C
creatine kinase

82
Q

what is glycolysis

A
  • glucose–> pyruvic acid or 2 lactic acid
  • energy investment phase (requires 2 ATP)
  • energy generation phase (produce: 4 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate)
83
Q

what does the energy generation phase of glycolysis produce?

A

4 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate or 2 lactate

84
Q

does creatine supplementation improve exercise performance?

A
  • increase muscle PC (phosphocreatine) stores
  • improves short term high intensity
  • increased strength and fat-free mass with resistance training
85
Q

does creatine supplementation appear to pose health risks?

A

no

86
Q

depletion of _____ may limit short-term, high intensity exercise

A

phosphocreatine

87
Q

_____ is the conjugated base of lactic acid

A

lactate

88
Q

the ionization of lactic acid forms the conjugated base called _____

A

lactate

89
Q

_______ id produced in glycolysis

A

lactic acid

- rapidly disassociates to lactate and H+

90
Q

what are the two phases of glycolysis

A
  1. energy investment phase

2. energy generation phase

91
Q

what is requires during the energy investment phase

A

2 ATP

92
Q

what is produced during the energy generation phase

A

4 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate or 2 lactate

93
Q

what are the transport hydrogen’s and associated electrons during aerobic

A

to mitochondria for ATP generation

94
Q

what are the transport hydrogen’s and associated electrons during anaerobic

A

to convert pyruvic acid to lactic acid

95
Q

what does NAD stand for

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

96
Q

what does FAD stand for

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

97
Q

NADH is the ‘_____’ into the mitochondria

A

shuttle

98
Q

NADH produced in glycolysis must be converted back to ____. and how

A

NAD

  • by converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid
  • by ‘shuttling’ H+ into the mitochondria
99
Q

a specific transport system shuttles ___ across the mitochondrial membrane

A

H+

100
Q

how do you concert pyruvic acid to lactic acid?

A

add two H+ to pyruvic acid

101
Q

skeletal muscles produce _____ that is quickly converted to______

A

lactic acid

lactate

102
Q

what are the three ways the muscles can produce ATP using 1 or a combination of

A
  1. ATP-PC system
  2. glycolysis
  3. oxidative ATP production
103
Q

what is the aerobic ATP production

A

krebs cycle( citric acid cycle / oxidative ATP production

104
Q

what fat is used in aerobic metabolism

A

triglycerides–> glycerol and fatty acids
fatty acids—> acetyl- CoA (beta-oxidation)
-glycerol is not an important muscle fuel during exercise

105
Q

what protein is used in aerobic metabolism

A
  • broken down into amino acids

- converted to glucose, pyruvic acid, acetyl-CoA and krebs cycle intermediates

106
Q

what is an aerobic ATP production

A

electron transport chain

107
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

mitochondria

108
Q

during the electron transport chain electrons removed from NADH and FADH are passed along a series of carriers (________) to produce ATP

A

cytochromes

109
Q

what does the electron transport chain produce?

A

each NADH produces 2.5 ATP

each FADH produces 1.5 ATP

110
Q

what is the chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP formation

A

electron transport chain results in pumping of H+ ions across inner mitochondrial membrane (H+ gradient)
-energy released to form ATP as H+ ions diffuse back across the membrane

111
Q

the H+ from NADH and FADH in the electron transport chain is accepted by ___ to form ____

A

O2

water

112
Q

beta oxidation is the process of converting ______ to _______

A

fatty acids

acetyl- CoA

113
Q

what enters the krebs cycle?

A

acetyl-CoA

114
Q

activated fatty acid ( fatty acyl-CoA) into the mitochondrion, fatty acid ‘chopped’ into _____ fragments forming acetyl-CoA

A

2 carbon

115
Q

how many ATP are produces from 1 glucose

A

32 ATP

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