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psychology of aging exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

understanding variability in the happiness of people contrasted ____ reductionism with ____ idealism

A

Lockean

Kantian

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2
Q

Kant reasoned that SWB depends upon?

A

satisfaction with one’s condition.. with what nature bestows

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3
Q

Diener (1984) reasoned that?

A

challenges for top-down modeling were to ascertain how a person acquires temperament, how resistant it is to change and how it interacts with changing circumstance

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4
Q

evidence supporting top-down interpretations of SWB derives from?

A

studies of monozyogotic and dizgotic twins personality and evaluative cognition

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5
Q

what are the four pieces of edvidence supporting the top-down model?

A
  1. twin studies
  2. personality
  3. evaluative cognitions
  4. template for a top-down explanatory model
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6
Q

what are the twin studies found ___% range of variance depended on genetics

A

40-60

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7
Q

twin studies found __% of varaince in phenotypic cross-time correlations.

A

80

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8
Q

who included both SWB and the big 5 personality traits among their measures?

A

Weiss, Bates and Luciano (2008)

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9
Q

Weiss, Bates and Luciano (2008) concluded what?

A

SWB was genetically indistinct from personality traits

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10
Q

Weiss et all concluded what in 2007

A

the relationship between SWB and a range of health and social-relationship factors may also be mediated by common genetic effects

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11
Q

what did Schnittker found in 2008?

A

provided evidence of genetic mediation for martial status, martial support and wealth but not for support from freinds, employment status or income

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12
Q

Consequently claims that the totality of bottom-up effects account for ___% of variance in SWB may be overestimated

A

10-15

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13
Q

research on personality provides abundant evidence that

A

neuroticism and extraversion correlate with SWB

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14
Q

General factor of personality shared ___% variance with the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) and the satisfaction with life scale (SWLS)

A

60

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15
Q

what is PANAS

A

positive and negative affect schedule

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16
Q

what is SWLS

A

satisfaction with life scale

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17
Q

what did stones and kozma finda in 1985

A

a single higher-order factor subsumed relationships between composite scores on 27 measures of SWB.

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18
Q

findings on relationships between different types of well being (eudaimonic, psychological and SWB) similarly found a substantial ____

A

covariation (correlation)

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19
Q

Who concluded there is a relationship between top-down model and bottom-up? year?

A

Stones, Worobetz & brink, 2011

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20
Q

what is gWB

A

general factors of wellbeing

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21
Q

in 2011 stones kozma found support for top-down over bottom up explaination in 17/18 comparisons. These findings indicate that Diener et al (1999) where correct to consider____

A

domain satisfactions a component of (rather than an influence on) SWB

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22
Q

what does the tempalte for a top-down explanatory model lack?

A

the flexibility to account for lasting effects of changing circumstances on some people

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23
Q

what does the template for a top-down explanatory model good at?

A

adaptation level and set point thoeries address the stability of SWB

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24
Q

the best evidence suggests that temperament provides?

A

an encompassing umbrella concept for the design of top-down explanatory model possessing such flexibility

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25
what are the four individual differences in temperament?
1. acquired through nature and nurture 2. heritable personality traits 3. cognitive evaluation 4. their behavioral manifestations
26
what is HIB stand for and encompass?
happiness inducing behaviors | savoring the moment;acts of generosity
27
what is HB stand for and encompass?
happy behaviors | behavioral manifestations of positive affect
28
Bottom-up terms influences include______ & ______
substantive variables (life circumstance life change) & unobserved variation (error)
29
the top-down bottom up model include stability of SWB due to common effects from _____ and _______
temperament | specific effects from personality traits (weiss et al. 2008)
30
what could cause a change in SWB?
a chronic health condition can lead to prolonged loss in SWB
31
temperament variables indicate that personality traits contribute variance to SWB both___?
directly (trait--> SWB) | indirectly (trait--> HIB--> SWB)
32
Warner and Vroman (2011) found that ____ contributes directly to SWB, ____ &______ both directly and instrumentally and _____ & _______ only instrumentally
Neuroticism Agreeableness & Extroversion Conscientiousness and openness
33
top-down refers to both....
model design and directional effects in explanatory modeling
34
who is Ed whitlock
set a marathon record for being the first to run a marathon in under three hours at the age of 69
35
who is Clarence Brazier
Literacy award winner for 2006 | learned to read at age 93
36
Over 80 years ago Hill (1925) suggested what is a good measure for human muscle restraint? (2)
1. athletic records, due to the controlled environment | 2. very large sample size
37
what is a common problem is cross-section studies?
selection bias
38
what are the two types of experts?
1. experts who are normative exclusive lie at the upper extreme of normal distribution for everyday skills 2. experts have exclusive skills not possessed by the majority of the population
39
what type of expert is a professional runner?
type 1. normative exclusion
40
a comparison in age difference in performance by elite athletes can clarify...
the limits to which life-span developmental processes impact on physical performance
41
what are the componets of motor expertise (4)
1. knowledge 2, skill 3. experience 4. motivation
42
what are the two ways accumulated experience contributes to performance?
1. athletes become more adept in the use of strategy | 2. experience helps athletes to choose among different modes of compensation if performance falls below expectations
43
what are the two components motivation can be broken down into?
intrinsic and extrinsic
44
what is intrinsic motivation?
include desires to achieve, retain competence and remain healthy
45
what is extrinsic motivation?
include praise and payment
46
what are the three categorized dimensions for sports
1. closed and open skills 2. power and endurance 3. high strategy vs low strategy
47
what is an open skill
sports performance in variable environments
48
what is a closed skill
performance down in a non varying environment
49
what does power refer to?
anaerobic
50
what is endurance referred to as?
aerobic
51
examples of high stragtegy sport?
tennis, boxing
52
example of low strategy sport?
darts, swimming
53
what are the four main categories of sports?
1, closed sport 2. open- effort rather than strategy 3. open- strategy rather than effort 4. open- both strategy and effort
54
aging has a larger impact on strategy sport or effort?
effort, old people cant keep up.
55
the most encompassing formulation of a top-down model probably derives from ...
life history theory
56
the life history theory suggests?
genetically related traits in humans are shaped by natural section to ensure high parental investment needed for the survival of slowly maturing offspring
57
what are the big 5 personality traits?
1. emotional stability 2. extroversion 3. openness to experience 4. agreeableness 5. conscientiousness
58
what was Weiss, bates and luciano (2008) conclusion regarding SWB and personality traits
SWB was genetically indistinct from personality traits
59
Rushton and Irwings (2011) shared ___% of variance with positive and negative affect and life satisfaction and related to (6)
60 1. self control 2. sociability 3. pro social behavior 4. self-esteem 5. affiliative 6. self-enhancing humor
60
Steel, schmidt and schult 2008 found what doing a meta-analysis on personality
correlation between positive affect and extroversion | correlation between negative affect and neuroticism
61
the circumplex model of affect looked like what?
the bipolar axes terms valence(pleasure-displeasure) and arousal (activity-inactivity)
62
what does the circumplex model explain?
relationship in responses to wellbeing scales
63
what is ABS
affect balance scale
64
in respect to housing top-down model suggests? and bottom up suggests?
top-down: propensity explains the evaluative variance in housing satisfaction Bottom-up: determination explains variance associated housing conditions
65
domain satisfaction share varaince with what valance axis?
happy-sad

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