APA Final Flashcards
what are four aging theories
- evolutionary theories of living and longevity
- programmed theories
- damage theories
- beyond molecular biology of aging
what are the three categories of damage theories
individual mechanisms
general formulations
stress-induced premature senescence
what is the aging process
proves occurring with the passage of time, leading to loss of adaptability or full function, and eventually to death
what are the two types of aging
pathogeric
eugeric
what is pathogeric aging
pathological aging
not a predestined part of aging
what is eugeric aging
‘true’ aging
age related changes that will happen to everyone, inevitable
what are the three aging loss of functional capacity
- disuse/ overuse (reduced physical activity)
- age-related causes
- disease
all the cells, organs and systems of the human body ____ at different rates and differently in each person
age
physiological and biomechanical changes due to aging
eugeric aging
what type of aging is arthritis
eugeric
what is arthritis [3]
- disease causing pain and loss of movement of the joints
- due to trauma or ‘wear and tear’
- word arthritis means joint inflammation
what is the onset of osteoporosis
- thinning of bone tissue and loss of bone density over time
- osteoporosis means bones that are hollow
what three parts of the neuron decrease nerve conduction velocity due to loss of
myelin
dendrites
neurotransmitters
what are the two acuity of senses that decrease with age
vision
hearing
what does aging affect in vision
- glaucoma: increase in the internal pressure of the eye
- presbyopia: ability to see/accommodate nearby images clearly
what does aging affect in hearing
- presbycusis: loss of hearing sensitivity due to degeneration of middle [ear drum] and inner ear
- 30-75% of adults between 65 and 75 years og age have a hearing loss
- may affect the ability to hear the nearby ringing of a telephone, but not low pitched sound of a truck rumbling down the street
what is glaucoma
increase in the internal pressure of the eye
what is presbyopia
ability to see/accommodate nearby images clearly
what is presbycusis
loss of hearing sensitivity due to degeneration of middle [ear drum] and inner ear
aging muscle, what change with age?
morphology of the muscle
overall functional strength
what is morphology of the muscle
cross sectional area
number of fibers
fiber type
what are the two types of skeletal muscle fibres
fast twitch [type 2]
slow twitch [type 1]
anaerobic exercises use ____ twitch fibres
fast
aerobic exercises use ____ twitch fibers
slow
what are the 6 roles of exercise in extending longevity
- physical deterioration
- increasing age
- less exercise
- further decrease in physical activity
- decreased physical abilities
what is the role of skeletal muscle and exercise in extending longevity
- of all the tissues, they are the most positively affected
- decreases in muscle mass can be slowed, and adequate blood supple is available
what is the role of bone and exercise in extending longevity
- bones age primarily because of loss of mineral content - making bone weaker and more brittle
- increasing bone density in early years decreases the risks associated with loss of mineral in later years [women]
- EXERCISE GENERALLY CANNOT REVERSE THE PROCESS, BUT IT CAN SLOW IT DOWN
what is the role of joints and exercise in extending longevity
- deterioration of cartilage & tendons elasticity
- decrease in collagen causes cartilage fragmentation
- synovial fluid thins and loses its hydraulic abilities
- EXERCISE GENERALLY CANNOT REVERSE THE PROCESS, AND LIKELY IT CONTRIBUTES TO THE PROBLEMS
with exercise aerobic capacity increases - although with aging still ____
declines
exercise with aging affect cardiac output
increase stroke volume
exercise with aging affects the peripheral blood supply
increase efficiency of O2 supply and uptake and CO2 removal
what is the second most common progressive neurodenerative brain disorder after Alzheimer disease, that affects movement and other aspects of cognitive and perceptuo-motor functioning
Parkinson’s disease
what are 5 characteristics of Parkinson’s disease
- forward tilt of trunk
- reduced arm swing
- shuffling gait with short steps
- rigidity and trembling of extremities
- rigidity and trembling of head
what is the history of Parkinson’s
an essay on shaking palsy by James Parkinson, London, England (1817)
what are the 6 risk factors
- genetics
- race
-environment toxins
-gender [ men 1.5x more likely] - jeopardized immune system
- increasing age (most import factor)
1-2% >65yrs
signs and symptoms of PD
gait and posture
shuffling gait
postural instability
loss of postural reflexes
what is a tremor
usually at rest, but it stops when grasping something
starts on one side (one hand)
what is micrographia
small handwriting
what disease has a mask like expression
PD
what is brodykinisia
slowness in initiating and performing movements
affects the ability to perform daily activities
slowness chewing and swallowing
what is rigidity
muscle tone increases in both flexor and extensor muscles providing a constant resistance to passive movements of joints
what is brodykinisia and rigidity linked with
PD
what are three additional signs of PD
dysfunctional of autonomic nervous system
depression
cognitive impairment
what is dysfunction of autonomic nervous system
bladder dysfunction
gastrointestinal problems
excessive head and neck sweating
what is depression
mild to moderate depression in 50% of PD patients
what is cognitive impairment with PD
mild decline including impaired visual-spatial perception
problems in concentration
onset of dementia in 1/3 of the population
what is the cause of PD
loss of dopamine producing cells in the brain, particularly dopamine-secreting neurons in the midbrain area called the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
what is involved with a PD diagnosis
- neurological examination
- autopsy of the brain to find lewy bodies [trademark characteristics]
- judgement of physicians
what is involved with PD treatment
- medications
- diet
- exercise, physical and speech therapy
- surgery
what three types of surgery for PD
cryothalamotomy
pallidotomy
deep brain stimulation
test refers to
an examination or a standard procedure used to inquire about some domain of people
what should a test produce
a score
what are the three classes of tests
cognitive IQ
affective anxiety
psychomotor coordination
what are the 4 steps in assessment process
- determine the purpose of assessment
- select appropriate instruments
- collect and treat data
- report/interpret results
what do you do when determining the purpose
here, as a professional you have to keep in mind the scope of the assessment process undertaken
what is an informal (qualitative) tool
a questionnaire
what is a formal tool
movement assessment
- purpose: to identify the nature and the degree of movement impairment
how to select an appropriate instrument
movement impairment, as inferred from the total impairment score ( TIS) OPERATIONALIZED as a combination of general motor abilities (manual dexterity) and fundamental movement skills (Catching, Throwing and Balance)
how do you collect data
- generally in formal tests, it involves following a protocol in a precise and methodical way
- failing to follow the protocol has important implications for the validity of inferences
what are the report tests
movement ABC test
how do you report/interpret results
example from MABC assessment test allows to infer different degree of movement proficiency -< 5th %ile - 5th to 10 %tile - 10th-15th %ile
what are the six purposes of assessment
to screen [determine potential] diagnosis [presence/degree of a problem] place [ treatment/instruction] aid in research [sampling/baseline] determine progress [intervention] to compare [against the norm/criteria]
who wrote the nature and control of postural adaptations of boys with and without developmental coordination disorder
Eryk Przysucha
Jane Taylor
Douglas Weber
a school- based movement program for children with motor learning difficulty
to determine progress (interventions)
what are the three compare against criteria
- persons score compared to desired level of mastery
- leads to ‘yes/no’ and ‘pass/fail’ conclusions
- fails to account for even subtle changes in different constraints and does not reveal adaptive behaviour
what is also known as: accuracy, consistency and stability
reliability
reliability is the degree to which:[3]
- scores are consistent or repeatable
- observed score is free of random/systematic measurement error
- observed score matches the true score
what is the classical true scare theory
measurement theory attempting to estimate to the degree to which a particular test or a score allows to infer one’s true capability
observed score X= _______ + ________
true score (tau) + Error (E)
what is the main assumption of the classical true-score theory
- what we get (score) may not reflect the reality
- true score can never be observed directly, but it can be estimated from the observed score
- the smaller the error the closer we get at tapping (making inferences) about the reality
how to estimate true score
randomly sample multiple observations from a pop. then the long run average of all observed scores will equal to the mean of pop.
consequently the true score is defined as the long run average of all the observed scores
what is it called when you have someone re-examined over and over again will introduce____
learning effect
can we estimate the true score from the observed score?
if you find out (estimate) the reliability of the test, and it turns out that it is high, then you can be confident that the score you get (observed score) resembles closely the true score/ability of the person (tau)
if error is low
test-retest reliability is a ______ coefficient
reliability
what is the test-retest reliability
used to assess the consistency of a measure from one time to another also referred to as STABILITY
what are the conditions that need to be met in the test-retest approach
- same person being tested
- same observer / measure instrument
- same location
- repetition over a short period
generally, a correlation of ___ represents a moderate reliability ____ good and ____ an excellent reliability, but this is context/field specific
- 7
- 8
- 9
what does SEM stand for
standard error of measurement
SEM= ____ ______ _____ _____
standard deviation across trials
what does Sx represent
sample deviation of test scores
what are the 4 causes of strokes
ischemic stroke
thrombotic stroke
intra-cranial hemorrhagic stroke
silent stroke
what is a ischemic stroke
is caused by a moving blood clot, dislodged from other parts of the body
what is a thrombotic stroke
is caused by atherosclerosis in a blood vessel
what is intra-cranial hemorrhagic stroke
caused by the rupture of blood vessels in the brain, usually due to high blood pressure or aneurysm
what is the silent stroke
usually caused with no identifiable outward symptoms, and can lead to a future stroke
what are the three surgery for strokes
remove blood clot
repair blood vessels
plaque removal from carotid artery
what are non-surgical techniques
carotid stenting
carotid angioplasty
coiling aneurysms
brain stimulation
magnetic or direct current stimulation of the healthy hemisphere of the brain is a technique that can reduce the activity of overactive neurons. this may help restore balance in the brain after a stroke
what is biofeedback
it is used to provide feedback to subjects as they perform a given activity. could be used to create awareness of muscle contractions that are impaired after a stroke.
what are the four rehabs for strokes
brain stimulation
biofeedback
functional electrical stimulation
robotic devices
