psychology of age -exam 3

Question 1

the processes of cognition include: (5)

Answer 1

1. sensory system
2. memory
3. intelligence
4. creativity
5. wisdom

Question 2

memory refers to..

Answer 2

the acquisition and retrieval of information

Question 3

who created the 3 stage model and what year

Answer 3

William James

1890

Question 4

what does the 3 stage model include, in order

Answer 4

sensory memory
short-term memory
long-term memory

Question 5

sensory member stores..

Answer 5

information received from the environment for a very brief interval

Question 6

the terms for memory traces associated with different sensory systems include icons if the info is ___ and ____ if ____

Answer 6

visual

echoes if auditory

Question 7

what is likely a cause of decline in iconic memory?

Answer 7

deficiencies in short-term memory

little difference in age

Question 8

short term memory is..

Answer 8

an intermediate stage between sensory memory and long term storage

Question 9

what are the two types of short term memory?

Answer 9

primary memory

working memory

Question 10

what is primary memory?

Answer 10

able to recall single auditory presentation - digits forward test

Question 11

what is working memory

Answer 11

involves mental manipulation of the information in consciousness into a form appropriate for long term storage

Question 12

what is long term memory?

Answer 12

refers to a large capacity storage system in which memories reside over prolonged duration

Question 13

what are the 4 types of long term memory?

Answer 13

1. episodic memory
2. semantic memory
3. procedural memory
4. prospective memory

Question 14

what does episodic memory refer to?

Answer 14

the remembering of discrete events

Question 15

what does semantic memory include?

Answer 15

knowledge about concepts or events not necessarily associated with a single episode of acquisition (provinces of Canada)

Question 16

procedural involves?

Answer 16

the retention of skill (driving)

Question 17

prospective memory?

Answer 17

is remembering to do something at a future time

Question 18

in _____ task it is reported that younger people report they ____ items previously presented, older people more often report___ that the items were present.

Answer 18

recognition
remember
knowing

Question 19

the process of acquisition relates to the kinds of activity performed in ____ memory

Answer 19

working

Question 20

true or false older people can organize material for later retrieval as effectively as young people do

Answer 20

true

Question 21

what is two reasons Shonfield and Robertson (1966) could explain the loss with age in recall of information is less than the age loss in recognition of that information

Answer 21

one: recall invokes only episodic memory whereas recognition brings semantic memory into play
two: recall requires organization, older people are just as cable as younger in regards recall

Question 22

what age group has a high frequency of autobiographical memories

Answer 22

10-30 years

Question 23

what age do your earliest memories comes from

Answer 23

4 1/2

Question 24

what was Wittlinger (1975) findings about high school classmates

Answer 24

recall fell sharply during the first three years since leaving the school, but remained consistently above 60% until twenty-five years after graduation, after which time it continued to decline

Question 25

meta memory refers to..

Answer 25

people's knowledge and beliefs about memory, including their own memory

Question 26

do older or younger people have a more frequent negative evaluations with memory

Answer 26

older

Question 27

do older or younger people report more memory failures

Answer 27

younger

Question 28

Hess and Pullen (1996) review shows..

Answer 28

relationship between meta memory and actual memory performance to be minimal

Question 29

what is self-efficacy in memory related to?

Answer 29

meta memory

Question 30

what are the two types of intelligence?

Answer 30

fluid intelligence | crystallized intelligence

Question 31

what does fluid intelligence refer to..

Answer 31

mental abilities not acquired by learning from one's culture, but which may reflect individual differences in the integrity of the CNS.

Question 32

crystallized intelligence refer to..

Answer 32

problem solving skills acquired from the culture

Question 33

what type of intelligence declines shortly after adolescence due to brain change?

Answer 33

fluid intelligence

Question 34

what type of intelligence continues to increase until advanced age? (cross-sectional)

Answer 34

crystallized

Question 35

Wechsler (1972) noted steeper___ on spatial rather than ____ tasks due only partially to declining speed of performance (cross-sectional)

Answer 35

spatial | verbal

Question 36

Schaie and Willis (1993) found _____ ability and ____ ability to show no substantial loss until age 6-70 years (cross sectional)

Answer 36

verbal | numeric

Question 37

Canadian longitudinal studies found ___ loses over 40+ years but slight gain if given extra time to solve problems with gains more likely on ___ task and loses more likely on __ tasks

Answer 37

low verbal spatial

Question 38

Schaie longitudinal test found what age to have little to no decline

Answer 38

60s

Question 39

true or false low scores of intelligence correlated in death

Answer 39

true

Question 40

what are the three main paradigms in which expertise fall in?

Answer 40

1. comparisons between experts and others regarding the attributes of expect performance 2. research on creativity 3. studies that attempt to elucidate the properties of wisdom

Question 41

what study did salthouse (1984) conduct

Answer 41

expert typist

Question 42

what is convergent thinking?

Answer 42

giving the standard purpose for an object

Question 43

what is divergent thinking?

Answer 43

thinking outside of the box giving multiple purposes for an object

Question 44

true or false there was a connection between vocabulary and divergent thinking

Answer 44

false

Question 45

what did Lehman (1953) suggest about creativity?

Answer 45

peaked in thirties then declined with age

Question 46

what did Dennis (1966) suggest about creativity?

Answer 46

accumulation of creativity therefore most creative in 60s

Question 47

what did Simonton (1990) suggest about creativity?

Answer 47

concluded period of high productivity coincided with highest rate f producing masterpieces.

Question 48

wison suggests.

Answer 48

implies good judgement in important but uncertain matters of like

Question 49

what are the two basic dimensions of wisdom?

Answer 49

1. mechanics of mind | 2. pragmatics of mind

Question 50

the former refers to..

Answer 50

the basic info processing system, and the latter to factual and strategic knowledge and their relationship to problem solve in real life situations

Question 51

wisdom implies the application of expert knowledge that includes knowledge: (4)

Answer 51

1. (both factual and strategic) about basic pragmatics of life 2. about the uncertainties 3. about context 4. that is appreciative of the relativism of values and goals in life

Question 52

what are the three factors that Blats & staudinger (1993) affect wisdom

Answer 52

1. wisdom is likely to increase with the knowledge gained through life experience 2. personality traits such as openness to experience may fosters one's knowledge about uncertainties and relativism 3. specific experiences relevant to decision-making may promote wisdom about those life domains,

Question 53

what is a mater athlete?

Answer 53

competitors beyond the age of peak performance

Question 54

what is the peak performance age of swimmers?

Answer 54

20-29

Question 55

what age do swimmers start to delcine

Answer 55

30