Communication & Leadership- Final Flashcards
what is the single biggest problem in communication
the illusion that it has taken place
what are the three components of the communication triad
sociology
biology
psychology
communication triad- what is sociology
where and when
context
communication triad- biology
- how
- eyes, ears and brain
communication triad- psychology
- who
- personality
- mental health
what is 4 things that interfere with our biology
- physical disabilities & injuries
- aging
- disease, infections, health issues
- substance use & abuse - chemicals
what are the four body structures used in verbal communication
eyes
ears
mouth
brain (CNS)
what are the four info inputs for the eyes
- body language
- facial expression
- reading words
- images
what are our psychological processes affected by? (6)
- experiences in the world
- current health-tired, stress, sick
- personality- Myers briggs, pessimist/optimist
- psychological health-mental health, trauma, crisis
- substances- chemicals (legal or illegal)
- body chemicals- hormones, salt insulin
what is the sociology of it all?
- social context we live in
- social experiences, our culture, spirituality
- created by family, friend, school, church
- influences by media
- professional affiliations and work\
- influences our attitudes and beliefs about the world
what is social power
who is saying what or who you are communicating to- that power differential
what are the two types of social power
formal
informal
what are three other social influences
- time- past, present and future
- mode- phone, texting, in-person
- who we are with when communicating -friends, family, teachers
what is the goal of communicating?
has a profound impact
what are 6 goals we communicate?
- to create common understanding
- to share info
- to express empathy and care
- to convince another or win an argument
- to influence or persuade
- to solve a problem
having different goals may=_____
problems
what are 7 modes of communication?
- person to person- talking
- meetings- in person, telephone, video
- paper-stickers, memos, letter, fax, mail
- internet- e-mail, skype, social media
- phones- voice mail
- mobile phones- talking, text, email, social media
- hand writing- pen paper (letter)
what is the mode of communication influenced by? (3)
- goal you want to achieve in communicating
- comfort or preference style
- skills
what are 5 tips of communication
- important to consider the goal of communicating and whether both have the same one
- communicating is very hard work
- communicating takes patience
- it always involves interpretation
- listening to understand is harder than speaking to be understood
what is the percentage for communication in each of the following categories
- what you say (words)
- how you look (body language)
- how you sound (tone of voice)
words- 7%
BL- 55%
Tone- 38%
listening involves the skills/process of (5)
hearing-ears, eyes grasping interpreting responding to -verbal & non-verbal the senders message
what are the three levels of listening
- superficial
- obvious
- insight
what is the superficial level of listening
non-listening
- blank face, fading out, staring
- saying “i see, uh huh, sure”
- nodding looking at watch
- thing about other things
what is obvious level of listening
listening for rejection
- seems like listening
- process information to respond
- formulate thoughts before finished
- reject that work work, but, can’t”
- sometimes talk over-debate
what is insight level of listening
listening for understanding
- seek to understand the other
- seek deeper meaning
- active listening using-empathy, questions, re frame, summarizing
- “it sounds like or i hear you say”
what is the listening gap
lack of upward communication
what is non verbal communication?
message transmitted through action or behavior
example: emotions
what are the 7 types of non-verbal communication
1 facial expression
- gestures
- paralingusitics -voice
- body language & posture
- eye contact/glaze
- haptics-touch
- appearance-person or space
we are often _____ or under-aware of our non-verbal communication
unaware
under aware
with respect to verbal messages, non-verbal messages can: (5)
- repeat
- contradict
- compliment -add to
- substitute -replace
- accent-underlie or emphasize
____ is one of the key to communicate
good questions
what are i centered questions(5)
- gather info or data
- solicit opinions
- investigate
- challenge
- demand action
what are you centered questions (5)
- stimulate learning
- express empathy
- provoke thought
- empower action
- engage people
what are closed questions (3)
- require short, factual concept answers
- often yes or no
- seeks understanding or basic information
example: did you enjoy your summer?
what are open questions (3)
- what, how , why
- seeks knowledge, ideas, opinions, feelings
- opens, explores, looks for detail
example: what did you do this summer?
why use why questions? (2)
- defensive
- close down conversation
what are the 5 ways we can use silence to positively strengthen communication?
- to pause- to think & reflect
- to support- when dealing with difficult issue
- to show respect- wait till other is finished
- to slow down the pace and intensity
- to control one self and emotions
what are the 4 negative ways to use silence
- to shut down the communication
- to ice out- bully or harass another
- to ignore
- to avoid responsibility
what does SET principle stand for?
support
empathy
truth
what is support in the SET principle (3) example questions
- it is no fun having to go to bed when you don’t want to
- the exam was really hard
- recovery from a stroke can be a long and difficult journey
what is 3 examples of empathy in the SET principle
- i can see that you’re having so much fun- you love to play
- I know you are angry that you did not do as well as you wanted
- It sounds like you’re feeling really frustrated and discouraged
what are three examples of the truth in the SET principle
- the problem is, you have to get up early tomorrow and if you don’t get enough sleep you’‘ll feel crabby and sick
- the truth is you missed a lot of classes and didn’t study that hard
- it’s really common to feel that way, but you’ve been making steady progress and I expect that will continue if you keep at it
what is assertiveness? (7)
- standind up for yourself without putting others sown
- state what you want and why
- straightforward and honest
- clear about your rights & responsibilities
- have control over emotions- anger
- have empathy & compassion for other
- I win and you win
what is assertiveness (shark) (2)
- I am right, power-over, dominance
- I win you lose
what is passive (turtle, teddy) (2)
- give-in, give up, silent, I lose
- tend to devalue self & needs
what is passive-aggressive (tark or snake) (2)
- passive first then aggressive later
- think- get even
what are 6 assertive techniques?
- think win-win (interest focused)
- SET principle
- broken record - repeat request
- fogging - accept part of what other is saying’ agree with part but then challenge other area (fox style-compromise)
- asking for more information - questions
- use I statements
what are 3 reasons we are often uncomfortable with conflict
- seen as bad or negative thing
- had bad experiences with conflict
- many simply do not like conflict (turtle and bears)
what is a turtle?
withdraw, avoid, takes energy to engage in conflict, appear passive or shy, prefer things go away, dont care if get own way, value peace
what is a teddy bear
friend, helpful, want to get along, focus on relationships, can be assertive but will defer to keep the relationship, value harmony
what is a fox
compromise, sly, may stay on the fringe, work towards agreement, will give in to attain compromise, want everyone to get a little bit, value equality/fairness
what is a owl
confront, believe in compromise, okay with conflict especially if it means thing will be better in the end of it all, value problem solving and outcome
what is a shark
aggress, move boldly into conflict, get energy from the fight, its not personal, okay with power, value winning
what are the 5 things to do before resolving conflict
- create the space to think
- decide what are you going to do (keep it to yourself, to consult with appropriate person or to approach person involved)
- if don’t deal with it- let it go!
- if dealing with it- approach person directly & use steps to work it out
- if can’t resolve - go to supervisor or person in power, together or at least with the knowledge of the other
what is position?
what someone wants
- it represents their solution or perspective
- being positional leads to rigid, argumentative or defensive behaviors
what is an interest?
underlying concern or need driving the position - the why
- interests represent deeper motives and can provide more options for resolution
what are the 8 steps to work it out?
- meet in safe, private space
- each state position /interest
- listen to understand-level 3
- find common understanding - ask questions
- move to interest -reconcile -define problem
- generate solutions
- agree upon solution to try -implement
- evaluate -set time to review
what are 6 conflict considerations?
- know what you really want - what is your interest
- what is your attitude? -mental check
- breath and relax- body check
- manage your emotions- feeling check
- manage verbal and non-verbal communication
- don’t engage passive-aggressive behavior (agree and them screw you)
what is Gary Wills leadership?
- a leader
- some followers
- a goal that the leader and followers share
what is Kouze & posner (1995) leadership
- the art of mobilizing others to want to struggle for shared aspirations
what did peter urs Bender suggests: (4)
- leadership is about pushing yourself not others
- the innerness of leadership
- you pull others along- you nudge, encourage, suggest, listen & empathize
- string metaphor
the nature of leadership draft ( wheel diagram, 6)
influence intention personal responsibility & integrity change shared purpose followers
what are the 5 fundamental practices?
- inspire shared vision
- challenge the process
- enable others to act
4 model the way - encourage the heart
what is a inspired shared vision (4)
- believe they can make a difference
- envision a future of what can be
- enlist others in the dream
- breath life into the shared vision
what is challenge the process (4)
- seek out change
- innovation
- experiment and take risks
- learn from mistakes and failures
what is enable others to act (5)
- foster collaboration and build teams
- actively involve others
- create an atmosphere of trust and dignity
- share information and provide choice
- empower others
what is model the way (3)
- set and role model standards of excellence
- achieve small wins
- create opportunity for victory
what is encourage the heart (4)
- recognize the contributions of others
- celebrate accomplishments
- share in the rewards
- make everyone feel good
what are the 6 leadership theories
- great person theory
- trait theories
- behavior theories
- contingency theories
- influence theories- process of influence
- relational theories- interaction between leader and followers
what are two leadership camps
individual level (university) situation level (contingency)
what is individual level (2)
-trait - who the leader is, there personality
behavioral- how the leader act/behaves
what is situation level (3)
- leader- style, traits, behavior, position
- followers-needs, maturity, training, cohesion
- situation - task, structure, environment
what is trait approach? (1-5)
esstential traits-according to draft
- optimism-positive outlook
- self confidence- skills, decisions, ideas
- honesty - truthfulness
- integrity- whole, congruent presentation
- drive- motivation & effort
what is behavior approach? (2-2,1)
- leadership continuum
- autocratic - centralize authority
- democratic- delegates and shares authority - Job centered vs, employee centered
- Blake & mouton
what is the blake and mouton grid?
concern for people, concern for production
- country club
- team
- authority compliance
- impoverished
what is contingency approach? (3)
universal
- trait & behavioral-> outcome
contingency
- leader + followers + situation ->outcome
a comparison of universal and contingency approaches
what is situational theory - hersey & blanchard (4)
- based upon followers needs in terms of leadership direction and leadership support
- task behavior (how much guidance or direction needed?)
- relationship behavior (how much support is needed)
- continuum (telling, selling, participating, delegating)
situational leadership square
supportive behavior directive behavior 1. supporting 2. coaching 3. directing 4. empowering
what are the three key ideas of leadership? SL
leader
followers
situation variables
what is a leader- SL
traits- who are you
behavior - what actions do you take
what is followers SL
needs, willingness and capacities
what is situation variables SL
- positions and power of people
- task characteristics
- organizational characteristics
what is your personality type?
ISTJ
what is sensing? (4)
and 5 characteristics
- here and now
- focus on “what is”
- senses
- clear data
- mentally live in the present
- use common sense
- practical sol’n are instinctual
- work from past experience
- like clear and concrete facts
what is intuition (4) and 4 characteristics
- interpretation
- focus on “what may be”
- abstract concepts
- patterns and contexts
- mentally live in the future and possibility
- using imagination- new possibilities
- emphasize patterns, contexts & connections
- comfortable with fuzzy & ambiguous data
what is thinking (3) and 4 characteristics
- objective
- based on facts & data
- value logic & consistency
- instinct to facts and logic in decisions
- notice tasks & work to be done
- able to provide objective critical analysis
- accept conflict as natural and normal part of relationships