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Clinical Morphology > Week 8: Craniofacial Embryology > Flashcards

Week 8: Craniofacial Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

when do head and neck develop and from what?

A

weeks 4-8; from pharyngeal or branchial apparatus

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2
Q

3 components of pharyngeal apparatus

A
  • arches, clefts, and pouches

* 5 pairs of arches forms starting on day 22

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3
Q

pharyngeal clefts are made from what germ layer?

A

ectoderm

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4
Q

pharyngeal pouches are made from what germ layer?

A

endoderm

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5
Q

structure of each pharyngeal arch

A

outer ectoderm, inner endoderm, and core of mesenchyme -> mesoderm and neural crest

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6
Q

The neural crest portion of the pharyngeal arches form

A

cartilage, CT, and an arch-associated nerve

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7
Q

The mesoderm portion of the pharyngeal arches form

A

skeletal muscle and an artery

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8
Q

2 components of 1st pharyngeal arch

A
  • maxillary process

* mandibular process

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9
Q

Maxillary process of 1st arch forms

A

maxilla and zygomatic bones

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10
Q

mandibular process of 1st arch forms

A

mandible and Meckel’s cartilage

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11
Q

what does Meckel’s cartilage become?

A

the incus and malleus of the middle ear

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12
Q

muscle derived from the 1st arch

A
  • muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, and pterygoids)
  • anterior digastric
  • mylohyoid
  • tensor tympani
  • anterior 2/3 of the tongue
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13
Q

cranial nerve associated with 1st arch

A

trigeminal nerve (CN V), specifically the maxillary and mandibular divisions

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14
Q

1st pharyngeal arch artery gives rise to

A

a portion of the maxillary artery

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15
Q

2nd pharyngeal arch forms what skeletal structures

A
  • Reichart’s cartilage -> stapes of middle ear
  • styloid process of temporal bone
  • lesser cornu (horn) and upper body of hyoid bone
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16
Q

muscle derived from 2nd arch

A
  • muscles of facial expression
  • stapedius
  • stylohyoid
  • posterior belly of digastric muscle
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17
Q

nerve associated with 2nd arch

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

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18
Q

Artery of the 2nd arch form

A
  • 2 embryonic arteries: stapedial and hyoid

* hyoid develops into a small branch of the internal carotid

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19
Q

3rd pharyngeal arch forms

A

greater cornu and lower body of hyoid bone

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20
Q

muscles derived from 3rd arch

A

stylopharyngeus muscle

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21
Q

nerve associated with 3rd arch

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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22
Q

artery of the 3rd arch

A

common carotid and proximal part of the internal carotid on each side

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23
Q

4th and 6th pharyngeal arches form

A 
they fuse to form laryngeal cartilages:
•thyroid
•cricoid
•aryntenoid
•corniculate
•cuneiform
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24
Q

muscle derived from 4th and 6th arches

A

laryngeal muscles

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25
Q

4th arch also forms (muscles)

A

cricothyroid, levator palatini, and pharyngeal constrictors

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26
Q

6th arch also forms (muscles)

A

intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except cricothyroid)

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27
Q

4th arch artery

A

arch of aorta on left and proximal part of Right subclavian on the right

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28
Q

6th arch artery

A
  • proximal left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus on the left
  • right pulmonary artery on the right
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29
Q

nerve associated with 4th and 6th arch

A

vagus (CN X)

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30
Q

key to remember for 1st arch

A
  • nerve= trigeminal (V)

* structure= maxilla/mandible

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31
Q

key to remember for 2nd arch

A
  • nerve= facial (VII)

* structure= hyoid

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32
Q

key to remember for 3rd arch

A
  • nerve= glossopharyngeal (IX)

* structure= hyoid

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33
Q

key to remember for 4th and 6th arches

A
  • nerve= vagus (X)

* structure= larynx

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34
Q

specific part of nerve associated with 4th arch

A

superior laryngeal branch of vagus

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35
Q

specific part of nerve associated with 6th arch

A

recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus

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36
Q

ligaments derived from 1st arch

A
  • anterior ligament of malleus

* sphenomandibular ligament

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37
Q

ligament derived from 2nd arch

A

stylohyoid ligament

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38
Q

1st pharyngeal cleft develops

A
  • external auditory meatus

* external part of tympanic membrane

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39
Q

1st pharyngeal pouch develops

A
  • internal part of tympanic membrane
  • tympanic cavity (middle ear)
  • auditory (Eustachian) tube
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40
Q

2nd pharyngeal pouch develops

A

palatine tonsil

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41
Q

3rd pharyngeal pouch develops

A
  • inferior parathyroid glands

* thymus

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42
Q

4th pharyngeal pouch develops

A
  • superior parathyroid

* ultimobranchial body -> parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid

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43
Q

cervical sinus

A

a temporary structure formed when 2nd arch grows over and fuses with the 3rd and 4th arches, previously the 2nd-4th pharyngeal clefts

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44
Q

abnormal fusion of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th arches can cause

A
  • cervical or branchial fistula
  • cervical cyst
  • branchial cleft cyst
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45
Q

cervical cyst or branchia cleft cyst

A
  • present as neck mass
  • always lateral, anterior to sternocleidomastoid muscle, below angle of mandible, immobile, and may occur on 1 0r both sides
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46
Q

tongue mucosa develops

A

from the floor endoderm lining pharyngeal arches. Innervation of tongue correlates with its developmental origin

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47
Q

thyroid gland develops from

A

midline endoderm of floor of pharynx, grows inferiorly into the neck

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48
Q

thyroglossal duct

A

connects the developing thyroid to the pharynx, and breaks down

49
Q

foramen cecum

A

the former site of thyroglossal duct in adults

50
Q

pyramidal lobe of thyroid

A

remnamts of thyroglossal duct can remain in adults

51
Q

midline thyroid tissue or thyroglossal cysts

A

can be found anywhere along the path of thyroid descent

52
Q

thyroglossal duct cysts present as

A

midline neck mass, usually painless and mobile.

53
Q

most common place to find ectopic thyroid tissue

A

base of tongue

54
Q

as thyroid gland descends…

A

superior and inferior parathyroid glands and parafollicular cells embed themselves in its posterior surface

55
Q

face develops from

A

frontonasal prominence and 1st pharyngeal arch (maxillary and mandibular prominences)

56
Q

prominence also =

A

process

57
Q

2 depressions on frontonasal process

A

form nasal pits and create ridges of tissue called medial and lateral nasal processes

58
Q

intermaxillary process

A
  • formed when maxillary processes grow and cause medial nasal processes to fuse in midline
  • becomes the bridge of the nose and philtrum of upper lip
59
Q

maxillary and medial nasal processes fuse to form

A

the rest of the upper lip and the primary palate

60
Q

maxillary and lateral nasal processes fuse to form

A

cheeks and alae (wings) of nose

61
Q

mandibular processes fuse

A

in the midline to form lower lip and jaw

62
Q

secondary palate forms from

A

fusion betwen 2 ridges of tissue (palatal shelves) growing from the oral surfaces of the maxillary process

63
Q

incisive foramen marks

A
  • the junction between primary and secondary palate

* vessels and nerves pass through it

64
Q

cleft lip results from

A
  • incomplete or lack of fusion of the maxillary process with the medial nasal processes
  • can be unilateral or bilateral
  • cleft lip and palate can be isolated or occur together
65
Q

cleft palate resuls from

A
  • incomplete or lack of fusion of palatal shelves

* cleft lip and palate can be isolated or occur together

66
Q

eye derives from

A
  • neuroectoderm (otic cup)

* ectoderm (lens)

67
Q

optic vesicles develop as

A

lateral outpocketings of the neural tube, deep to the surface ectoderm

68
Q

optic vesicle invaginates to form ___ and causes

A

optic cup, which causes overlying ectodem to form lens placode

69
Q

what is a placode

A

thickening of ectoderm

70
Q

lens placode becomes

A

lens vesicle and then the lens

71
Q

optic cup develops into

A

neural retina and pigmented epithelium of retina

72
Q

ventral part of optic stalk also invaginates…

A

and optic cup folds around the invagination to form choroidal or optic fissure

73
Q

what passes through optic fissue

A

hyaloid artery branches from the ophthalmic artery (of the internal carotid) and enters the optic cup through optic fissure

74
Q

hyaloid artery and vein become

A

central artery and vein of the retina

75
Q

optic nerve is formed

A

in development of neural retina, axons of ganglion cells move along surface of retina and through the optic stalk to the brain to from optic nerve

76
Q

anterior rim of optic cup develops into

A

iris

77
Q

mesenchyme surround the optic cup forms what parts of the eye

A

choroid, sclera, cornea, and extraocular muscles

78
Q

choroid

A

•layer of blood vessels and CT between sclera and retina

79
Q

sclera

A
  • the white outer wall of eye
  • tough, fibrous tissue
  • extends from cornea to the optic nerve at the back of the eye
80
Q

choroid is a continuation of

A

pia mater

81
Q

sclera is a continuation of

A

dura mater

82
Q

cornea

A

the clear front section of the eye

83
Q

eyelids develop as

A
  • ectodermal folds with a mesenchymal core (from 1st pharyngeal arch)
  • they grow toward each other in front of cornea and fuse by 8 weeks before reopening between 5th and 7th months
84
Q

coloboma

A 
•results when optic fissure fails to fuse, leaving a gap in eye structures
•complete coloboma extends through entire eye (optic nerve to iris)
coloboma iridis (of the iris) more localized
85
Q

congenital cataracts

A

(lens opacities)

can result from genetic or environmental factors

86
Q

genetic factors of congenital cataracts

A

diverse genes ranging from structural components of lens (ie mutations in CRYSTALLIN or gap junction proteins) to transcription factors

87
Q

cataracts may also develop as a result of

A
  • metabolic disorders, such as galactosemia (defect in galactose metabolism)
  • congenital infections such as rubella
88
Q

detached retina

A
  • can be congenital or from head trauma

* neural retina detaches from pigmented retina

89
Q

external ear develops from

A
  • external auditory meatus from 1st cleft

* pinna or auricle from the ectoderm and underlying mesenchyme surrounding the 1st cleft (1st and 2nd arches)

90
Q

middle ear develops from

A
  • auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) from the 1st and 2 arches
  • tympanic cavity and auditory tube from 1st pharyngeal pouch
91
Q

inner ear develops from

A

•cochlea and vestibular apparatus (3 semicircular canals, utricle, saccule) from the ectoderm of the otic placode

92
Q

auricle develops from

A

6 auricular hillocks (proliferating ectoderm underlying mesenchyme) on the 1st and 2nd arches during the 5th week

93
Q

external auditory meatus develops from

A

1st pharyngeal cleft

94
Q

structural abnormalities of external ear lead to

A

conductive hearing loss, as they impeded conduction of sound to the inner ear

95
Q

defects of the pinna and auricle result from

A

abnormal growth of 1 or more of the auricular hillocks

96
Q

suppressed growth of all hillocks results in

A

microtia (small auricle) or anotia (absence of auricle)

97
Q

overgrowth of hillocks results in

A

macrotia (large auricle)

98
Q

accessory hillocks produce

A

preauricular tags, which may or may not be accompanied by preauricular pits

99
Q

defects of external auditory meatus include

A

atresia and stenosis

100
Q

microtia occurs in several single-gene disorders..

A
  • branchio-oto-renal (BOR)
  • CHARGE
  • Treacher collins syndromes
  • trisomy 21 and 18
101
Q

mocrotia can occur following prenatal exposure to

A

alcohol or isotretinoin

102
Q

macrotia can occur in

A

fragile x syndrome, the most common cause of mental retardation in males

103
Q

microtia and preauricular tags occur in

A

oculoauriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS)

104
Q

auditory ossicles condense in

A

1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme

105
Q

1st pharyngeal pouch becomes

A

auditory tube and tympanic cavity

106
Q

tympanic cavity encloses

A

auditory ossicles

107
Q

eardrum (TM) is derived from

A

opposed ectoderm and endoderm of the 1st pharyngeal cleft and pouch, called the 1st pharyngeal membrane

108
Q

meatal plus

A
  • formed by proliferating ectodermal cells of the cleft

* later thins out to establish eardrum

109
Q

defects of the middle ear

A
  • also cause conductive hearing loss
  • can result from abnormal formation of the malleus, incus, and stapes, derived from neural crest cells of 1st and 2nd arches
110
Q

middle ear defects occur in association with

A
  • skeletal dysplasias, such as achondroplasia (FGFR3 mutation) and osteogenesis imperfects
  • or in various syndromes such as BOR, treacher collins, or OAVS
111
Q

inner ear develops from

A

ectodermal otic placode, which invaginates and then pinches off to form otic vesicle

112
Q

otic placode also gives rise to

A

sensory ganglia of vestibulocochlear nerve

113
Q

otic vesicle forms

A

endolymphatic duct, pars superior, and pars inferior

114
Q

pars superior froms

A

3 semicircular canals and utricle

115
Q

pars inferior forms

A

cochlear duct and saccule

116
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

constituted by all the otic vesicle derivatives: endolymphatic duct, pars superior, and pars inferior

117
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

can arise from defects of inner ear, vestibulocochlear nerve, or auditory regions of the brain

118
Q

about half of hearing loss

A
  • has genetic causes
  • other half - environmental, including in utero viral infections and neonatal exposure to aminoglycoside abx
  • postnatal exposure to loud noise can also cause hearing loss

Clinical Morphology (25 decks)

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