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Clinical Morphology > Week 6: Urogenital Embryology > Flashcards

Week 6: Urogenital Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

mesophrenic ducts

A

form cranially to caudally and then fuse with the developing bladder

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2
Q

What germ layer do the reproductive and urinary systems develop from?

A

mesoderm (lateral to the somites)

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3
Q

pronephros

A

(first kidney)

develops in cervical region and then regresses (never functions)

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4
Q

mesonephros

A

(middle kidney)
develops in the thoracic to lumbar region (functions)
Interim kidney first trimester

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5
Q

metanephros

A

the third and definitive kidney; buds off the mesonephric duct

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6
Q

2 parts of the metanephros

A

excretory system and collecting system

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7
Q

collecting system of the metanephros develops from

A

the ureteric bud that sprouts from the mesonephric duct

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8
Q

excretory system of the metanephros develops from

A

the intermediate mesoderm cells that surround the ureteric bud, forming the metanephric blastema (metanephric mesenchyme)

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9
Q

collecting system of the metanephros consists of

A

ureter, renal pelvis, calycers, and 1-3 million collecting ducts

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10
Q

excretory system of the metanephros consists of

A

nephrons

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11
Q

nephrons

A

“the functional unit of the kidneys”

they are vesicles or tubules that produce urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood

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12
Q

how are glomaruli (capillary tufts) formed?

A

capillaries grow into the distal end of each nephron to form glomeruli

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13
Q

Due to growth of the body, kidneys shift where?

A

they shift from the pelvis, cranially

called ascension

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14
Q

horseshoe kidney

A

sometimes inferior ends of the kidneys fuse. They ascend until caught under the IMA

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15
Q

Bifed ureter

A

(aka double ureter)

the ureteric bud bifurcates before the metanephric blastema forms

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16
Q

ectopic kidney

A

kidney crosses to the other side during ascension

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17
Q

pelvic kidney

A

a kidney that doesn’t ascend completely

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18
Q

thoracic kidney

A

it ascends too far

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19
Q

congenital anomalies of the urinary system can lead to

A

urine blockage, infection, or kidney stones

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20
Q

multiple renal arteries

A

kidney is supplied by several arteries off the aorta during ascension; usually they degenerate. If these accessory arteries are damaged or ligated, part of the kidney can become ischemic

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21
Q

when do the kidneys become functional?

A

by 12 weeks

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22
Q

bilateral renal agenesis

A

results in oligohydramnios, causing compression of the fetus by the uterus. It leads to Potter sequence

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23
Q

potter sequence

A

a result of oligohydramnios
limb deformities, wrinkly, dry skin, facial anomalies (wide set eyes with infra-orbital skin creases, beak nose, recessed chin, and low set ears), and pulmonary hypoplasia

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24
Q

cloaca

A

the caudal end of the hindgut from which the urinary bladder forms

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25
urorectal septum
(mesoderm) | divides the cloaca into the urogenital sinus and the anorectal canal
26
urogenital sinus becomes
the bladder and urethra
27
allantois
connects the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus
28
urachus
the fibrous cord that remains from the allantois
29
urachus gets covered by peritoneum and becomes the
median umbilical ligament on the posterior aspect of the anterior abdominal wall
30
if the urorectal septum doesn't form correctly
hindgut abnormalities can occur
31
imperforate anus
a potential consequence of improper formation of urorectal septum
32
urorectal fistula
a potential consequence of improper formation of urorectal septum it's either between rectum and bladder or rectum and urethra
33
anal or anorectal agenesis
a potential consequence of improper formation of urorectal septum
34
persistence of a lumen in the urachus can cause
a urachal fistula (urine can come out of the umbilicus), a urachal cyst, or a urachal sinus
35
primordial germ cells (PGCs)
* originate from epiblast | * migrate from yolk sac into intermediate mesoderm medial to the mesonephros causing formation of the gonadal ridge
36
primitive or primary sex cords
formed when the epithelium covering gonadal ride (mesodermal) invades the underlying mesoderm
37
paramesonephric ducts
a second pair of ducts that forms lateral to the mesonephric ducts
38
"indifferent stage"
week 6 of embryo before differential of gonads into testes or ovaries
39
Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts
become epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vescicles
40
paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts
become the uterus, uterine tubes, and upper vagina
41
somatic support cells in the XX gonad produce
"anti-testes" factrors (Wnt4)
42
Wnt4 causes
maintenance of oocyte number and oocytes | fig alpha causes somatic support cells to differentiate into follicle cells
43
why do paramesonphric ducts persist in female differentiation?
there is no MIS (mullerian inhibiting substance)
44
why do mesonephric ducts and tubules regress in female differentiation?
no testosterone
45
Somatic support cells in XY gonad have SRY gene that produce
TDF (testis determining factor) | SRY is the sex determining region on the Y chromosome
46
AMH (anti-mullerian hormone) or MIS (Mullerian inhibiting substance) cause
paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts to degenerate in males
47
mesenchymal cells in gonadal ridge differentiate into what during male development?
leydig cells
48
testosterone causes
differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vescicles from mesonephric duct; and male brain differentiation
49
5-alpha reductase causes
conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which causes male development (penis, scrotum, prostate)
50
testosterone surge at puberty causes
maturation of seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis, and other pubertal changes
51
in male, primitive sex cord becomes
testis cords
52
in male, at the hilum, cords form
rete testis
53
in male mesonephric tubules become
efferent ducts
54
in male mesonephric duct becomes
epididymis, ductus deferens, and siminal vesicle
55
in female, primitive sex cords become
somatic support cells then follicle cells
56
in female, follicle cells surround
the PCGs (primordial germ cells) (oogonia)
57
In female, paramesonephric ducts become
uterine tube, uterus, and upper vagina
58
prostatic utricle is
remnant of mullerian duct in males
59
gartner's cyst is
remnant of mesonephric duct in females
60
in males prostate and bulbourethral glands bud off
the urethra
61
in males the seminal vesicles bud off the
mesonephric duct
62
trigone
formed in males when the lower end of the mesonephric ducts are incorporated into the bladder. It also results in the vas deferens wrapping over the ureter after testis descend
63
in female, uterus and upper vagina form when
caudal ends of the paramesonephric ducts fuse
64
uterine tubes are
the remaining unfused paramesonephric ducts
65
the lower vagina forms from
sinovaginal bulbs (proliferation of endodermal tissue on the posterior wall of urogenital sinus)
66
uterine and vaginal anomalies result from
problems with development of the paramesonephric ducts
67
diethylstilbestrol (DES)
a synthetic estrogen used to prevent miscarriage from 1947-71 resulted in higher risk of uterine anomalies and clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in offspring
68
uterine didelphys
* caused by no fusion of the paramesonephric ducts | * double uterus
69
bicornuate uterus
* caused by partial fusion of the paramesonephric ducts | * fundus is indented
70
septated uterus
* medial walls of paramesonephric ducts fail to resorb | * 2 endometrial cavities
71
unicornuate uterus
* incomplete development of one paramesonephric duct | * uterus connects to one ovary
72
cervical atresia
paramesonephric ducts resorb too much
73
at indifferentiated stage, embryo has
genital tubercle, urogentical folds, labioscrotal swellings, and anal folds
74
in female, genital tubercle becomes
clitoris
75
in female, urogenital folds form
labia minora
76
in female, labioscrotal swelling form
labia majora
77
in male, urogenital folds
fuse
78
in male, genital tubercle elongates to become
shaft and glans of penis
79
in male, urogenital (urethral) fold
fusion also forms penile urethra
80
in male distal urethral forms from
canalization of urethral endoderm extending into the glans
81
in male, labioscrotal swellings
fuse to form the scrotum
82
What might cause gonads not to develop at all?
if the germ cells from the epiblast do not migrate to the gonadal ridges
83
testis determining factor (TDF) causes formation of
Sertoli cells and Leydig cells
84
Sertoli Cells produce
Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS)
85
(penile) Hypospadias
* urethral folds don't fuse completely or form abnormal canalization of the urethral plate within the glans penis, causing a VENTRAL (on the underside of penis) opening of urethra * 10% of the time it's accompanied by chriptorchidism
86
(penile) epispadia
* occurs when the urethral orifice opens on the DORSAL side of the penis. Usually associated with exstrophy of the bladder * much less common than hypospadia
87
exstrophy of bladder
bladder is outside the ventral/anterior body wall due to a defect in the ventral body wall (ie it doesn't form completely during body folding, this is very rare)
88
descent of gonads
* gonads form on posterior body wall and must descend to their anatomical position * as they descend, gubrnaculum shortens, and the processus vaginalis is pushed along in front
89
what ligaments attach to gonads
* attached cranially to diaphragm by a suspensory ligament | * attached caudally to labioscrotal swellings by a fibrous cord called gubernaculum
90
processus vaginalis
(vaginal process) an outpouching of parietal peritoneum that forms the inguinal canal
91
spermatic cord
in males, layers of abdominal wall are pushed into the scrotum and form the 3 layers of the spermatic fascia in the spermatic cord
92
processus vaginalis closes to become
tunica vaginalis
93
when do testes reach the deep inguinal ring?
* around 4 months of embryonic development | * they descend through the inguinal canal shortly before (or right after) birth
94
cryptorchidism
* when the testis fails to descend | * occurs in 1-4% of live male births and increases the risk of infertility and testicular cancer
95
orchipexy
surgical correction of cryptorchidism
96
testicular torsion
* twisting of spermatic cord that crimps the testicular artery * an anomaly associated with the processus vaginalis
97
testicular hydrocele
* fluid between parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis * an anomaly associated with the processus vaginalis
98
indirect (congenital) inguinal hernia
* 75% of inguinal hernias * occurs lateral to inferior epigastric vessels * passes through deep inguinal ring and inguinal canal as a protrusion along the spermatic cord, and lies within the internal spermatic fascia
99
ovaries descend
* into the pelvis, but don't enter labia majora | * gubernaculum becomes the ligament of the ovary and the round ligament of the uterus
100
round ligament of the uterus
transverses the inguinal canal into the labia majora
101
broad ligament in females forms
when the peritoneal folds covering the paramesonephric ducts fuse
102
suspensory ligament (of the ovary)
contains the ovarian vessels
103
MDs don't LIe
* for remembering direct versus indirect hernias * Direct are Medial to inferior epigastric vessels * Indirect are Lateral

Clinical Morphology (25 decks)

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