Week 3 Flashcards
main functions of lower limb
locomotion, supporting body weight, and maintaining balance.
gluteal region
area of lower limb attachment to axial skeleton; posterior to pelvic bones at proximal end of femur. bones include: pelvis and proximal end of femur (hip joint).
thigh
between hip and knee joint (femur)
leg
between the knee and ankle joints (tibia and fibula)
foot and digits (toes)
distal to ankle joint (tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges)
Hip joint
between head of femur and cup-shaped acetabulum on lateral surface of pelvic bone. Multi-axial ball and socket joint designed for stability and weightbearing. flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and external/internal rotation
ligaments that stabilize the hip joint
ligament of head of femur, iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament
iliofemoral ligament
“y” shaped; continuous with anterior part of joint capsule; prevents hyperextension of the hip joint. It’s the strongest of hip ligments
pubofemoral ligament
triangular; continuous with anterior and inferior part of joint capsule; prevents excessive abduction and extension
ischiofemoral ligament
spiral shaped; continuous with posterior part of joint capsule; prevents hyperextension and helps hold head of femur in acetabulum
hip joint blood supply
primarily medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries that anastamose around the neck of femur. medial provides majority of supply. damage to either can cause avascular necrosis of femoral head
knee joint
between condyles of distal femur and condyles of proximal tibia. allows for flexion and extension with a small degree of medial and lateral rotation
patellofemoral joint
between posterior aspect of patella with anterior aspect of distal femur
ligaments of knee
anterior/posterior cruciate ligaments, tibial (medial) and fibular (lateral) collateral ligaments
anterior cruciate ligament
attaches anterior aspect of tibia and posterior aspect of femur. Prevents anterior displacement of tibia on femur
posterior cruciate ligament
attaches posterior aspect of tibia and anterior aspect of femur. Prevents posterior displacement of tibia on femur
Tibial (medial) collateral ligament
Wide and flat on medial side of knee joint between medial epicondyles of femur and medial condyle of tibia
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
thin and round on lateral side of knee joint between lateral epicondyle of femur and head of fibula
medial and lateral meniscus
c shaped fibrocartilaginous structures found in knee joint that deepen the articular surface of the tibia to increase stability of knee and function as shock absorbers
3 most commonly injured structures in knee
medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament. (Called “unhappy triad of O’Donohue” when injured together)
ankle joint
distal tibia and fibula with the talus of the foot. allows for dorsiflexion and planter flexion. Joint more stable when dorsiflexed than when plantar flexed
primary ligamentous support of ankle
broad deltoid ligament on medial side of ankle
3 ligaments on lateral side of ankle
anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and cancaneofibular
ankle sprains
normally occur via excessive inversion of a plantarflexed weight-bearing foot. Anterior talofibular ligament is most at risk of damage