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Clinical Morphology > Week 7: Histology of Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Week 7: Histology of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

3 classes of hormone

A
  • amino acids -> peptides
  • tyrosine -> amines
  • cholesterol -> steroids
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2
Q

lipophilic hormones

A

readily enter target cell -> bind to cytoplasmic receptors -> transported to nucleus -> initiate changes in gene expression

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3
Q

most peptide and catecholamines bind to

A

membrane receptors -> initiate cascade of second messengers -> activate or induce transcription factors -> regulate cellular function

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4
Q

anterior pituitary is

A
  • adenohypophysis

* glandular portion derived from outpouching of roof of mouth (rathke’s pouch)

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5
Q

posterior pituitary is

A
  • neurohypophysis
  • neural portion derived from outpouching on floor of embryonic brain and it continuous with hypothalamus via infundibulum
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6
Q

neurons of supraoptic nuclei in hypothalamus produce

A

Antiduiretic hormone (ADH), aka vasopressin

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7
Q

neurons of paraventricular nuclei in hypothalamus produce

A

oxytocin

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8
Q

what is stored in posterior pituitary

A

ADH and oxytocin

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9
Q

3 types of cells in anterior pituitary

A
  • acidophils - stain pinkish-red
  • basophils - stain bluish-purple
  • chromophobes - do not stain
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10
Q

posterior pituitary consist of

A

terminal ends of hypothalamic axons from supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and pituicytes

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11
Q

oxytocin

A
  • made in hypothalamus, stored and released by posterior pituitary
  • acts on smooth muscle of uterus for contractions and myoepithelial cells of breast for lactation
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12
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A
  • made in hypothalamus, stored and released by posterior pituitary
  • acts on cells in kidney collecting tubules to increase permeability to water to decrease urine production
  • also causes constriction of arterioles to increase blood pressure
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13
Q

acidophils of anterior pituitary produce

A
  • Growth hormone (GH) in somatotrophs

* Prolactin in mamotrophs

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14
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

stimulates liver to secrete IGF-1 -> bone and soft tissue growth

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15
Q

prolactin

A

causes initiation and maintenance of post partum lactation

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16
Q

basophils of anterior pituitary produce

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in thyrotrophs
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in gonadotrophs
  • luteinizing hormone (LH) in gonadotrophs
  • adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in corticotrophs
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17
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates thyroid to make and secrete T3 and T4 for regulation of cellular metabolism

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18
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • females: stimulates follicle development in ovary which causes production of progesterone and estrogen
  • males: causes sertoli cells to secrete ABP
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19
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • females: causes estrogen and progesterone production

* males: causes leydig cells to produce testosterone, which stimulates spermatogenesis

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20
Q

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

A

causes adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (95% is cortisol) and androgens which are important for regulation of metabolism and immune responses and secondary sex characteristics

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21
Q

thyroid gland arises

A

as a midline outpouching of the floor of the pharynx

22
Q

thyroid follicle

A
  • most of thyroid is several million follicles

* a single follicle is a ball of cells with central lumen filled with colloid composed of iodothyroglobulin

23
Q

epithelial lining of thyroid follicles

A

simple cuboidal, called follicular cells

24
Q

parafollicular cells of thyroid

A
  • cells in the interstitium around follicles also called C cells
  • responsible for calcitonin secretion
25
Q

calcitonin

A
  • released by parafollicular cells in thyroid
  • calcium homeostasis - lowers blood calcium
  • effects osteoclasts to decrease bone turnover
  • also effects kidney and gut to increase calcium excretion
26
Q

thyroglobulin synthesis (exocrine phase)

A
  1. TSH stimulates follicular cell
  2. iodide uptake via ATP dependent pump
  3. diffusion of iodide through cell
  4. synthesis of thyroglobulin and exocytosis into colloid
  5. oxidation of iodide by thyroid peroxidase
  6. transfer of iodine to tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin
  7. storage of iodothyroglobulin in colloid
27
Q

thyroid hormone synthesis and release (endocrine phase)

A
  1. TSH stimulates follicular cell
  2. colloid droplet containing iodothyroglobulin endocytosis
  3. fusion of droplet with lysosome and degradation to T3 and T4
  4. release of T3 and T4 into bloodstream and interaction with binding proteins
28
Q

ratio of T3:T4 released into blood

A

1:20

29
Q

what do T3 and T4 do

A

increase basal metabolic rate in adult and influence growth and neurological development in fetus

30
Q

T3 or T4 more active?

A

•T3 more active and has T3 in target tissues

31
Q

parathyroid glands organization

A

2 pairs of glands surrounded by a thin CT capsule that divides it into course clumps of cells

32
Q

parathyroid glands secrete

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

33
Q

parathyroid hormone essential for

A

physiologic maintenance of circulating [calcium]

34
Q

2 types of cells in parenchyma of parathyroid

A

1) chief (principal) cells

2) oxyphil cells

35
Q

Chief cells of parathyroid parenchyma

A

form the bulk of parathyroid and synthesize and release PTH

36
Q

oxyphil cells of parathyroid

A

stain lighter than chief cells and exact function is uncertain

37
Q

decreased circulating calcium stimulates

A
  • PTH secretion -> increased number of osteoclasts present in bone -> increased bone turnover
  • PTH also causes gut and kidneys to increase absorption and retention of calcium
38
Q

medulla of adrenal gland composed of

A

chromaffin cells that synthesize and secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

39
Q

epinephrine

A
  • the major secretory product of medulla of adrenal gland

* increases heart rate and constricts blood vessels (increase BP)

40
Q

norepinephrine

A

dilates blood vessels and increases glucose release

41
Q

3 zones of adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa, zona, fasciculata, and zona reticularis

42
Q

zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

A
  • foamy appearance

* produces mineralcorticoid aldosterone

43
Q

aldosterone

A

involved in reabsorption of sodium and water by salivary glands, sweat glands, and kidney -> increased blood volume (and therefore BP)

44
Q

what stimulates zona glomerulosa to secrete aldosterone?

A
  • serum potassium (K+)
  • increased angiotensin II
  • decreased plasma volume
45
Q

zona fasciculata

A
  • cells arranged in long, straight columns
  • lightly staining
  • secrete glucocorticoids
46
Q

glucocorticoids

A
  • 95% is cortisol
  • enhance glucose synthesis by liver to elevate blood sugar
  • suppress inflammatory and immune response
  • cause catabolism (break down) of proteins, which may lead to muscle wasting
47
Q

what stimulates glucocorticoid release by zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex?

A

ACTH stimulation

low concentrations of cortisol causes increased ACTH production

48
Q

zona reticularis

A
  • innermost layer of cells in adrenal cortex

* secrete androgens

49
Q

androgens

A

less potent form of testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen

50
Q

what stimulates androgen secretion by zona reticularis of adrenal cortex??

A

ACTH stimulation

Clinical Morphology (25 decks)

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