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Clinical Morphology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Kyphosis

A

excessive thoracic (inward) curvature causing humpback deformity

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2
Q

Lordosis

A

Excessive lumbar (outward) curvature causing a swayback deformity

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3
Q

Atlas

A

C1

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4
Q

Axis

A

C2

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5
Q

Scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

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6
Q

vertebral column

A

33 bones separated by intervertebral discs

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7
Q

Functions of vertebral column

A

1) protect spinal cord 2) support body weight above pelvis 3) form central axis of the body 4) support posture and movement

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8
Q

Natural curvature of vertebral column

A

cervical and lumbar are curved anteriorly and develop secondarily after birth with sitting, standing and walking.
thoracic and sacrum are curved posteriorly and are referred to as primary curvatures

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9
Q

weight bearing portion of vertebra

A

vertebral body

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10
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

runs the length of the vertebral column and limits hyperextension of the spine

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11
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

runs the length of the vertebral column and limits hyperflexion

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12
Q

ligamentam flavum

A

extends between lamina of adjacent vertebrae

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13
Q

interspinous ligament

A

between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

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14
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

extends between tips of spinous processes

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15
Q

intertransverse ligament

A

extends between transverse processes

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16
Q

annulus fibrosus

A

the outside of an intervertebral disc. several layers of fibrous connective tissue

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17
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

central portion of a disc. gel-like. loses moisture with age; loses ability to absorb shock

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18
Q

herniated or slipped disc

A

deterioration of annulus fibrosus that allows the nucleus propulsus to bulge out. tends to occur on one side and compress the spinal nerve. mainly cervical and lumbar

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19
Q

cervical herniation

A

compresses nerve passing through foramen at the same level

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20
Q

lumbar herniation

A

compresses nerve passing through the foramen at the next lower level

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21
Q

Conus medullaris

A

the tapering at the end of the spinal cord. Occurs at approximately L2

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22
Q

31 spinal cord segments

A

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal.

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23
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

where the spinal nerves leave the spinal cord. All spinal nerves exit below the same names vertebrae, except in cervical region

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24
Q

Cauda equina

A

the spinal nerves that arise from inferior end of spinal cord (L2-S5)

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25
Q

ventral/anterior nerve root

A

motor

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26
Q

dorsal/posterior nerve root

A

sensory

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27
Q

dorsal/posterior ramus

A

motor and sensory nerve fibers to synovial joints, intrinsic muscles of the back, and the skin of the back

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28
Q

ventral/anterior ramus

A

motor and sensory nerve fibers to most of remaining joints, muscles, and skin

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29
Q

spinal meninges

A

3 membranes that surround spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater. they create subarachnoid space, which contains CSF

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30
Q

dura mater

A

most external of meninges. extends from foramen magnum to middle of sacrum

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31
Q

foramen magnum

A

opening at the base of the skull through with spinal cord passes

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32
Q

arachnoid mater

A

a delicate membrane, the middle layer of meninges.

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33
Q

pia mater

A

innermost of the meninges. thin membrane that covers spinal cord, nerve roots and their blood vessels. at conus medullaris, it leaves the spinal cord and forms the filum terminale

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34
Q

filum terminale

A

attaches at end the vertebral canal and anchors the inferior end of the spinal cord.

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35
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs

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36
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

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37
Q

bones of shoulder

A

scapula, clavicle, and proximal end of humerus

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38
Q

fibrous joint (synarthroses)

A

permit little or no movement; consist of 2 bones joined by dense connective tissue. ie suture of the skull

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39
Q

cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)

A

permit slight movment; consist of 2 bones joined buy fibrocartilaginous disks. ie sternocostal joints, intervertebral joints, and the symphysis pubis.

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40
Q

synovial joints (diarthroses)

A

permit greatest degree of movement; consist of 2 bones separated by a narrow synovial cavity and supported by connective tissue capsule and associated ligaments. ie upper and lower limb joints

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41
Q

articular capsule

A

surrounds a synovial joint cavity; made of connective tissue

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42
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that prevents friction between articulating bones. Does not contain blood vessels

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43
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines the inner surface of articular capsule

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44
Q

intima

A

the cells that line the surface of the synovial membrane and secrete synovial fluid

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45
Q

synovial fluid

A

lubricates and reduces friction between bones of a joint. provides surface tension to hold the ends of the bones together. provides nourishment to articular cartilage

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46
Q

subintima

A

the other part of the synovial membrane. contains highly vascularized loose connective tissue

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47
Q

effusion

A

excess production of joint fluid caused by injury or irritation of the synovial membrane

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48
Q

extrinsic ligament

A

located outside articular capsule

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49
Q

intrinsic ligament

A

fused to or incorporated into the wall of the capsule

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50
Q

intracapsular ligament

A

(rare) ligaments inside the capsule

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51
Q

passive (static) stabilizers of synovial joints

A

shapes of the bones, fibrocartilaginous disks, joint capsule, ligaments, and surface tension provided by synovial fluid

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52
Q

active (dynamic) stabilizers of synovial joints

A

muscles and their associated tendons that cross the joint. Very important at the shoulder joint, where the ligaments are relatively weak

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53
Q

glenohumeral joint

A

articulation between head of humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula. Allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation of the arm

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54
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

articulation between clavicle and sternum. relatively immoble; allow for gliding type of motion

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55
Q

acromioclavicular (AC) joint

A

articulation between acromion process of the scapula and clavicle. relatively immoble; allow for gliding type of motion

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56
Q

scapulothoracic “joint”

A

not a true joint. between anterior surface of the scapula and the posterior/lateral thoracic wall. allows for elevation/ depression, protraction/retraction, and upward/downward rotation of scapula.

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57
Q

static stabilizers of glenohumeral joint

A

the most important are the capsule and its associated ligaments

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58
Q

dynamic stabilizers of glenohumeral joint

A

most important are the muscles of the rotator cuff

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59
Q

muscles of rotator cuff

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor

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60
Q

supraspinatus muscle

A

initiates and assists with abduction of arm

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61
Q

infraspinatus muscle

A

external rotation, abduction, adduction of arm

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62
Q

subscapularis muscle

A

internal rotation of arm

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63
Q

teres minor

A

external rotation and adduction of arm

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64
Q

muscle(s) assisting in adduction of arm

A

teres minor and infraspinatus

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65
Q

muscle(s) assisting in abduction of arm

A

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

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66
Q

muscle(s) assisting in external rotation of arm

A

infraspinatus and teres minor

67
Q

muscle(s) assisting in internal rotation of arm

A

subscapularis

68
Q

causes of rotator cuff injury

A

inflammation, tearing or impingement of the tendon of any of the muscles due to frequent overhead use of the normal process of aging

69
Q

muscle/tendon most often involved in rotator cuff injury

A

supraspinatus muscle

70
Q

important ligaments of glenohumeral joint

A

glenoid labrum and the glenohumeral ligament associated with the outer aspect of the capsule

71
Q

glenoid labrum

A

fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens the glenoid fossa

72
Q

ligaments supporting AC joint

A

acromioclavicular ligament and coracoclavicular ligament

73
Q

coracoclavicular ligament

A

creates an arch over the top of the glenohumeral joint and a space through with supraspinatus tendon passes. it can contribute to impingement of supraspinatus tendon->rotator cuff problem

74
Q

shoulder dislocation

A

disarticulation of the head of the humerus from the glenoid. in most cases the head moves anteriorly and inferiorly relative to glenoid

75
Q

shoulder separation

A

disarticulation of the clavicle and acromion at the AC joint

76
Q

Grade I shoulder separation

A

slight displacement of joint. AC ligament may be stretched or partially torn. Most common

77
Q

Grade II shoulder separation

A

a partial dislocation of the joint that may not be obvious in a physical examination. AC ligament is completely torn, while coracoclaviclar ligaments remain intact

78
Q

Grade III shoulder separation

A

complete separation of the joint; AC ligament, coracoclaviclular ligaments and the capsule surrounding the joint are torn. Usually obvious in examination. Shoulder usually falls under with the arm, pushing the clavicle up.

79
Q

Medial and lateral intermuscular septum

A

separate the anterior and posterior compartments of the arm

80
Q

anterior compartment of the arm

A

flex the arm and forearm and supinate the hand. they are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve and are supplied by the branches of the brachial artery

81
Q

posterior compartment of the arm

A

extend the forearm and are innervated by the radial nerve and supplied by branches of the deep brachial artery

82
Q

muscle(s) of anterior compartment of arm

A

biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis

83
Q

muscle(s) of posterior compartment of arm

A

triceps brachii

84
Q

elbow joint

A

proximal radius, proximal ulna, and distal humerus. Allows for flexion/extension of the forearm

85
Q

radial collateral ligament

A

found on lateral side of elbow joint

86
Q

ulnar collateral ligament

A

found on the medial side of the elbow joint

87
Q

annular ligament

A

encircles and stabilizes the head of the radius in relation to the ulna. easily injured in children with a sudden pull on an extended arm

88
Q

wrist/radiocarpal joint

A

distal radius and proximal row of carpal bones (scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum). allows for flexion/extension and adduction/abduction of the hand

89
Q

proximal and distal radioulnar joints

A

between radius and ulna. together these joints allow for pronation and supination of the forearm and hand

90
Q

supination of hand and forearm

A

radius and ulna are parallel

91
Q

pronation of hand and forearm

A

radius rotates over ulna

92
Q

interosseous membrane between radius and ulna + medial and lateral intermuscular septum

A

separates anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm

93
Q

movements of anterior compartment of forearm

A

flex the wrist and digits, pronate the hand, flex the thumb, and abduct/adduct the hand

94
Q

innervation of anterior compartment of forearm

A

median nerve, EXCEPT for flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar/medial half of flexor digitorum profundus

95
Q

innervation of flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar/medial half of flexor digitorum profundus

A

ulnar nerve

96
Q

supply of anterior compartment of the forearm

A

branches of the radial and ulnar arteries

97
Q

movements of the posterior compartment of the forearm

A

extend wrist and digits, supinate the hand and extend and abduct the thumb

98
Q

innervation of posterior compartment of the forearm

A

radial nerve

99
Q

supply of posterior compartment of the forearm

A

radial and ulnar arteries

100
Q

muscles of posterior compartment of the forearm

A

extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, supinator, brachioradialis

101
Q

muscle of anterior compartment of forearm

A

pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, pronator quadratus

102
Q

bones of hand and digits

A

8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 5 phalanges

103
Q

Carpometacarpal joints

A

articulations between proximal end of metacarpals and distal row of carpal bones. relatively immovable

104
Q

metacarpophalangeal joints

A

between distal end of metacarpals and proximal phalanx. allow for flexion/extension and adduction/abduction of digits

105
Q

proximal and distal interphalangeal joints

A

between proximal and middle phalanx and middle and distal phalanx of the 4 fingers. allow for flexion/extension of the middle and distal phalanx

106
Q

Thumb joint

A

only had proximal and distal phalanx, so only single interphalangeal joint. Thumb can have flexion/extension and adduction/abduction as well as opposition

107
Q

intrinsic muscles of the hand

A

these have both of their attachments in the hand

108
Q

extrinsic muscles of the hand

A

have one of their attachments in the forearm

109
Q

thenar pad

A

formed at the base of the thumb by 3 superficial muscles

110
Q

hypothenar pad

A

formed at the base of the little finger by 3 superficial muscles

111
Q

superficial compartment of the hand

A

3 muscle of thenar pad, 3 muscles of hypothenar pad, lumbricals and adductor pollicis

112
Q

innervation of superficial compartment of hand

A

ulnar nerve EXCEPT lateral 2 lumbricals and 3 thenar muscles

113
Q

innervation of lateral 2 lumbricals in hand

A

median nerve

114
Q

innervation of 3 thenar muscles in hand

A

median nerve

115
Q

deep compartment of hand

A

adduct/abduct fingers

116
Q

muscles of deep compartment of hand

A

3 palmar interossei (adduction) 4 dorsal interossei (abduction)

117
Q

supply of hand

A

branches of radial and ulnar arteries via superficial and deep palmar arch

118
Q

abductor pollicis brevis

A

superficial hand muscle; abducts thumb; median nerve innervation

119
Q

flexor pollicis brevis

A

superficial hand muscle; flexes thumb; median nerve innervation

120
Q

opponens pollicis

A

superficial hand muscle; opposes thumb; median nerve innervation

121
Q

lumbricals 1-2 (lateral)

A

superficial hand muscles; flexes MP joint, extend IP joints; median nerve innervation

122
Q

abductor digiti minimi

A

superficial hand muscle; abducts little finger; ulnar nerve innervtaion

123
Q

flexor digiti minimi

A

superficial hand muscle; flexes little finger; ulnar nerve innervation

124
Q

opponens digiti minimi

A

superficial hand muscle; opposes little finger; ulnar nerve innervation

125
Q

lumbricals 3-4 (medial)

A

superficial hand muscles; flex MP joint and extends IP joint; ulnar nerve innervation

126
Q

adductor pollicis

A

superficial hand muscle; adducts thumb; ulnar nerve innervation

127
Q

palmar interossei

A

deep hand muscle; adducts fingers; flex MP joint; and extends IP joint; ulnar nerve innervation

128
Q

dorsal interossei

A

deep hand muscle; abducts fingers; flexes MP and extend IP joints; ulnar nerve innervation

129
Q

cervical enlargement of spinal cord

A

from C3 to T2 due to large nerve supply needed for 2 upper limbs

130
Q

Lumbosacral enlargement of spinal cord

A

from T9 to T12 for large nerve supply needs for 2 lower limbs

131
Q

extrinsic muscles of back

A

trapezius, latissimius dorsi, levatro scapulae, and romboids

132
Q

function of epithelia

A

protection and covering of surfaces; lubrication of surfaces; secretion; exchange of substance

133
Q

types of epithelium

A

8: simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, pseudostratified, and transitional (urothelium)

134
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flat cells with spindle-shaped nucleus

135
Q

location of simple squamous epithelium

A

lining of blood vessels (endothelium), body cavities (mesothelium), organs (serosa), respiratory spaces (alveoli)

136
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of cells of equal height and width with round, centrally placed nucleus

137
Q

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

small ducts of exocrine glands, surface of ovary, kidney tubules, thyroid gland follicles.

138
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of cells taller than they are wide with a round or oblong nucleus located centrally or toward the basal region of the cell

139
Q

location of simple columnar epithelium

A

lining of gastrointestinal system; lining of gallbladder; lining of some large ducts

140
Q

location of stratified squamous epithelium

A

epidermis; lining of oral cavity; esophagus; vagina

141
Q

location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

sweat glands and ducts; larger ducts of exocrine glands

142
Q

location of stratified columnar epithelium

A

largest ducts of exocrine glands and conjunctiva of eye

143
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

appears stratified, but is only one cell layer of generally columnar cells. ALL cells touch the basement membrane, but all do not reach the luminal surface. Typically have cilia on apical surface

144
Q

Location of pseudostratified epithelium

A

lining of trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity, reproductive tract (ductus deferens, oviduct)

145
Q

transitional epithelium (urothelium)

A

stratified epithelium found exclusively in parts of the renal system. Shape of top layer can change based on distension of underlying tissue.

146
Q

location of transitional epithelium (urothelium)

A

urethra, bladder, ureters, renal calyces

147
Q

exocrine glands

A

product is secreted via ducts onto an external or internal epithelial surface. secretions can be mucous (glycoproteins and water), serous (proteins and water) or mixed

148
Q

endocrine glands

A

product secreted into bloodstream or lymphatics. NO ducts. Closely associated with capillaries. Secretions are hormones.

149
Q

Mechanisms of secretion

A

merocrine/eccrine, apocrine, holocrine

150
Q

merocrine/eccrine secretion

A

exocytosis from membrane bounds granules or vesicles that fuse with apical cell membrane (eg pancreas)

151
Q

apocine secretion

A

product released with small amount of apical cytoplasm and membrane (eg mammary gland secretion of mild lipids)

152
Q

holocrine secretion

A

secretory product constitutes the entire cell and its products (eg sebaceous gland)

153
Q

symmetrical cell junctions

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

154
Q

asymmetrical cell junctions

A

hemidesmosomes

155
Q

tight junction

A

boundary between apical and basolateral domains of epithelial cell. control passage of substance between adjacent cells. created by localized sealing of adjacent plasma membranes near apical regions. consists of several proteins that interact with cytoplasmic f-actin. Common proteins are occludin, clauin, and the ZO proteins

156
Q

desmosomes

A

provide mechanical anchoring and maintain integrity of epithelial surface by resisting cell-cell separation. consist of plaque that contains proteins desmoplakin, plakoglobin and plakophilin that interact with cytoplasmic keratin filaments on one side and adhesion molecules on the other side

157
Q

gap junction

A

mediate intercellular communication by permitting passage of small molecules between adjacent cells. formed by integral membrane proteins called connexins that come together to form a hollow cylindrical structure that spans plasma membrane called a connexon. end-to-end alignment of connexons in adjacent cells provide direct channel of communication between cytoplasms. allows for coordinated responses and activities of epithelium.

158
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

asymmetrical cell junctions located in basal cell membrane that anchor cells to basal lamina. consists of an inner cytoplasmic plate that is associated with keratin filaments and outer membrane plaque that links cell to basal lamina. Disruption of hemidesmosomes causes blistering.

159
Q

cilia

A

motile cell projections made of microtubules (9+2) for defense of the tissue and transport of materials out of cell. epithelium in trachea and oviduct have cillia. (polycystic kidney disease and situs inversus)

160
Q

microvilli

A

finger-like projections of apical cell surface. core of actin-containing filaments. presence of microvilli characterizes epithelial cell that exhibits primarily absorptive functions.. they are non-motile; function to increase absorptive surface area

161
Q

basement membrane

A

2 components: basal lamina and reticular lamina.

162
Q

basal lamina

A

sheet-like connective tissue matrix in direct contact with the basal surface of epithelial cell. consists primarily of proteins laminin and type IV collagen

163
Q

reticular lamina

A

formed by type III collagen, supports the basal lamina and is continuous with surrounding connective tissue

164
Q

integrins

A

proteins on cell surface that bind epithelial cells to basal lamina. they are transmembrane heterodimers with associated alpha and beta subunits. interaction important in regulating epithelial cell behavior and cell proliferation

Clinical Morphology (25 decks)

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