Week 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Kyphosis
A
excessive thoracic (inward) curvature causing humpback deformity
2
Q
Lordosis
A
Excessive lumbar (outward) curvature causing a swayback deformity
3
Q
Atlas
A
C1
4
Q
Axis
A
C2
5
Q
Scoliosis
A
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
6
Q
vertebral column
A
33 bones separated by intervertebral discs
7
Q
Functions of vertebral column
A
1) protect spinal cord 2) support body weight above pelvis 3) form central axis of the body 4) support posture and movement
8
Q
Natural curvature of vertebral column
A
cervical and lumbar are curved anteriorly and develop secondarily after birth with sitting, standing and walking.
thoracic and sacrum are curved posteriorly and are referred to as primary curvatures
9
Q
weight bearing portion of vertebra
A
vertebral body
10
Q
Anterior longitudinal ligament
A
runs the length of the vertebral column and limits hyperextension of the spine
11
Q
Posterior longitudinal ligament
A
runs the length of the vertebral column and limits hyperflexion
12
Q
ligamentam flavum
A
extends between lamina of adjacent vertebrae
13
Q
interspinous ligament
A
between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
14
Q
supraspinous ligament
A
extends between tips of spinous processes
15
Q
intertransverse ligament
A
extends between transverse processes
16
Q
annulus fibrosus
A
the outside of an intervertebral disc. several layers of fibrous connective tissue
17
Q
nucleus pulposus
A
central portion of a disc. gel-like. loses moisture with age; loses ability to absorb shock
18
Q
herniated or slipped disc
A
deterioration of annulus fibrosus that allows the nucleus propulsus to bulge out. tends to occur on one side and compress the spinal nerve. mainly cervical and lumbar
19
Q
cervical herniation
A
compresses nerve passing through foramen at the same level
20
Q
lumbar herniation
A
compresses nerve passing through the foramen at the next lower level
21
Q
Conus medullaris
A
the tapering at the end of the spinal cord. Occurs at approximately L2
22
Q
31 spinal cord segments
A
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal.
23
Q
intervertebral foramen
A
where the spinal nerves leave the spinal cord. All spinal nerves exit below the same names vertebrae, except in cervical region
24
Q
Cauda equina
A
the spinal nerves that arise from inferior end of spinal cord (L2-S5)
25
ventral/anterior nerve root
motor
26
dorsal/posterior nerve root
sensory
27
dorsal/posterior ramus
motor and sensory nerve fibers to synovial joints, intrinsic muscles of the back, and the skin of the back
28
ventral/anterior ramus
motor and sensory nerve fibers to most of remaining joints, muscles, and skin
29
spinal meninges
3 membranes that surround spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater. they create subarachnoid space, which contains CSF
30
dura mater
most external of meninges. extends from foramen magnum to middle of sacrum
31
foramen magnum
opening at the base of the skull through with spinal cord passes
32
arachnoid mater
a delicate membrane, the middle layer of meninges.
33
pia mater
innermost of the meninges. thin membrane that covers spinal cord, nerve roots and their blood vessels. at conus medullaris, it leaves the spinal cord and forms the filum terminale
34
filum terminale
attaches at end the vertebral canal and anchors the inferior end of the spinal cord.
35
appendicular skeleton
bones of the upper and lower limbs
36
axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
37
bones of shoulder
scapula, clavicle, and proximal end of humerus
38
fibrous joint (synarthroses)
permit little or no movement; consist of 2 bones joined by dense connective tissue. ie suture of the skull
39
cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)
permit slight movment; consist of 2 bones joined buy fibrocartilaginous disks. ie sternocostal joints, intervertebral joints, and the symphysis pubis.
40
synovial joints (diarthroses)
permit greatest degree of movement; consist of 2 bones separated by a narrow synovial cavity and supported by connective tissue capsule and associated ligaments. ie upper and lower limb joints
41
articular capsule
surrounds a synovial joint cavity; made of connective tissue
42
articular cartilage
thin layer of hyaline cartilage that prevents friction between articulating bones. Does not contain blood vessels
43
synovial membrane
lines the inner surface of articular capsule
44
intima
the cells that line the surface of the synovial membrane and secrete synovial fluid
45
synovial fluid
lubricates and reduces friction between bones of a joint. provides surface tension to hold the ends of the bones together. provides nourishment to articular cartilage
46
subintima
the other part of the synovial membrane. contains highly vascularized loose connective tissue
47
effusion
excess production of joint fluid caused by injury or irritation of the synovial membrane
48
extrinsic ligament
located outside articular capsule
49
intrinsic ligament
fused to or incorporated into the wall of the capsule
50
intracapsular ligament
(rare) ligaments inside the capsule
51
passive (static) stabilizers of synovial joints
shapes of the bones, fibrocartilaginous disks, joint capsule, ligaments, and surface tension provided by synovial fluid
52
active (dynamic) stabilizers of synovial joints
muscles and their associated tendons that cross the joint. Very important at the shoulder joint, where the ligaments are relatively weak
53
glenohumeral joint
articulation between head of humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula. Allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation of the arm
54
sternoclavicular joint
articulation between clavicle and sternum. relatively immoble; allow for gliding type of motion
55
acromioclavicular (AC) joint
articulation between acromion process of the scapula and clavicle. relatively immoble; allow for gliding type of motion
56
scapulothoracic "joint"
not a true joint. between anterior surface of the scapula and the posterior/lateral thoracic wall. allows for elevation/ depression, protraction/retraction, and upward/downward rotation of scapula.
57
static stabilizers of glenohumeral joint
the most important are the capsule and its associated ligaments
58
dynamic stabilizers of glenohumeral joint
most important are the muscles of the rotator cuff
59
muscles of rotator cuff
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor
60
supraspinatus muscle
initiates and assists with abduction of arm
61
infraspinatus muscle
external rotation, abduction, adduction of arm
62
subscapularis muscle
internal rotation of arm
63
teres minor
external rotation and adduction of arm
64
muscle(s) assisting in adduction of arm
teres minor and infraspinatus
65
muscle(s) assisting in abduction of arm
supraspinatus and infraspinatus
66
muscle(s) assisting in external rotation of arm
infraspinatus and teres minor
67
muscle(s) assisting in internal rotation of arm
subscapularis
68
causes of rotator cuff injury
inflammation, tearing or impingement of the tendon of any of the muscles due to frequent overhead use of the normal process of aging
69
muscle/tendon most often involved in rotator cuff injury
supraspinatus muscle
70
important ligaments of glenohumeral joint
glenoid labrum and the glenohumeral ligament associated with the outer aspect of the capsule
71
glenoid labrum
fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens the glenoid fossa
72
ligaments supporting AC joint
acromioclavicular ligament and coracoclavicular ligament
73
coracoclavicular ligament
creates an arch over the top of the glenohumeral joint and a space through with supraspinatus tendon passes. it can contribute to impingement of supraspinatus tendon->rotator cuff problem
74
shoulder dislocation
disarticulation of the head of the humerus from the glenoid. in most cases the head moves anteriorly and inferiorly relative to glenoid
75
shoulder separation
disarticulation of the clavicle and acromion at the AC joint
76
Grade I shoulder separation
slight displacement of joint. AC ligament may be stretched or partially torn. Most common
77
Grade II shoulder separation
a partial dislocation of the joint that may not be obvious in a physical examination. AC ligament is completely torn, while coracoclaviclar ligaments remain intact
78
Grade III shoulder separation
complete separation of the joint; AC ligament, coracoclaviclular ligaments and the capsule surrounding the joint are torn. Usually obvious in examination. Shoulder usually falls under with the arm, pushing the clavicle up.
79
Medial and lateral intermuscular septum
separate the anterior and posterior compartments of the arm
80
anterior compartment of the arm
flex the arm and forearm and supinate the hand. they are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve and are supplied by the branches of the brachial artery
81
posterior compartment of the arm
extend the forearm and are innervated by the radial nerve and supplied by branches of the deep brachial artery
82
muscle(s) of anterior compartment of arm
biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis
83
muscle(s) of posterior compartment of arm
triceps brachii
84
elbow joint
proximal radius, proximal ulna, and distal humerus. Allows for flexion/extension of the forearm
85
radial collateral ligament
found on lateral side of elbow joint
86
ulnar collateral ligament
found on the medial side of the elbow joint
87
annular ligament
encircles and stabilizes the head of the radius in relation to the ulna. easily injured in children with a sudden pull on an extended arm
88
wrist/radiocarpal joint
distal radius and proximal row of carpal bones (scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum). allows for flexion/extension and adduction/abduction of the hand
89
proximal and distal radioulnar joints
between radius and ulna. together these joints allow for pronation and supination of the forearm and hand
90
supination of hand and forearm
radius and ulna are parallel
91
pronation of hand and forearm
radius rotates over ulna
92
interosseous membrane between radius and ulna + medial and lateral intermuscular septum
separates anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm
93
movements of anterior compartment of forearm
flex the wrist and digits, pronate the hand, flex the thumb, and abduct/adduct the hand
94
innervation of anterior compartment of forearm
median nerve, EXCEPT for flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar/medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
95
innervation of flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar/medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
ulnar nerve
96
supply of anterior compartment of the forearm
branches of the radial and ulnar arteries
97
movements of the posterior compartment of the forearm
extend wrist and digits, supinate the hand and extend and abduct the thumb
98
innervation of posterior compartment of the forearm
radial nerve
99
supply of posterior compartment of the forearm
radial and ulnar arteries
100
muscles of posterior compartment of the forearm
extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, supinator, brachioradialis
101
muscle of anterior compartment of forearm
pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, pronator quadratus
102
bones of hand and digits
8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 5 phalanges
103
Carpometacarpal joints
articulations between proximal end of metacarpals and distal row of carpal bones. relatively immovable
104
metacarpophalangeal joints
between distal end of metacarpals and proximal phalanx. allow for flexion/extension and adduction/abduction of digits
105
proximal and distal interphalangeal joints
between proximal and middle phalanx and middle and distal phalanx of the 4 fingers. allow for flexion/extension of the middle and distal phalanx
106
Thumb joint
only had proximal and distal phalanx, so only single interphalangeal joint. Thumb can have flexion/extension and adduction/abduction as well as opposition
107
intrinsic muscles of the hand
these have both of their attachments in the hand
108
extrinsic muscles of the hand
have one of their attachments in the forearm
109
thenar pad
formed at the base of the thumb by 3 superficial muscles
110
hypothenar pad
formed at the base of the little finger by 3 superficial muscles
111
superficial compartment of the hand
3 muscle of thenar pad, 3 muscles of hypothenar pad, lumbricals and adductor pollicis
112
innervation of superficial compartment of hand
ulnar nerve EXCEPT lateral 2 lumbricals and 3 thenar muscles
113
innervation of lateral 2 lumbricals in hand
median nerve
114
innervation of 3 thenar muscles in hand
median nerve
115
deep compartment of hand
adduct/abduct fingers
116
muscles of deep compartment of hand
3 palmar interossei (adduction) 4 dorsal interossei (abduction)
117
supply of hand
branches of radial and ulnar arteries via superficial and deep palmar arch
118
abductor pollicis brevis
superficial hand muscle; abducts thumb; median nerve innervation
119
flexor pollicis brevis
superficial hand muscle; flexes thumb; median nerve innervation
120
opponens pollicis
superficial hand muscle; opposes thumb; median nerve innervation
121
lumbricals 1-2 (lateral)
superficial hand muscles; flexes MP joint, extend IP joints; median nerve innervation
122
abductor digiti minimi
superficial hand muscle; abducts little finger; ulnar nerve innervtaion
123
flexor digiti minimi
superficial hand muscle; flexes little finger; ulnar nerve innervation
124
opponens digiti minimi
superficial hand muscle; opposes little finger; ulnar nerve innervation
125
lumbricals 3-4 (medial)
superficial hand muscles; flex MP joint and extends IP joint; ulnar nerve innervation
126
adductor pollicis
superficial hand muscle; adducts thumb; ulnar nerve innervation
127
palmar interossei
deep hand muscle; adducts fingers; flex MP joint; and extends IP joint; ulnar nerve innervation
128
dorsal interossei
deep hand muscle; abducts fingers; flexes MP and extend IP joints; ulnar nerve innervation
129
cervical enlargement of spinal cord
from C3 to T2 due to large nerve supply needed for 2 upper limbs
130
Lumbosacral enlargement of spinal cord
from T9 to T12 for large nerve supply needs for 2 lower limbs
131
extrinsic muscles of back
trapezius, latissimius dorsi, levatro scapulae, and romboids
132
function of epithelia
protection and covering of surfaces; lubrication of surfaces; secretion; exchange of substance
133
types of epithelium
8: simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, pseudostratified, and transitional (urothelium)
134
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of flat cells with spindle-shaped nucleus
135
location of simple squamous epithelium
lining of blood vessels (endothelium), body cavities (mesothelium), organs (serosa), respiratory spaces (alveoli)
136
simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer of cells of equal height and width with round, centrally placed nucleus
137
location of simple cuboidal epithelium
small ducts of exocrine glands, surface of ovary, kidney tubules, thyroid gland follicles.
138
simple columnar epithelium
single layer of cells taller than they are wide with a round or oblong nucleus located centrally or toward the basal region of the cell
139
location of simple columnar epithelium
lining of gastrointestinal system; lining of gallbladder; lining of some large ducts
140
location of stratified squamous epithelium
epidermis; lining of oral cavity; esophagus; vagina
141
location of stratified cuboidal epithelium
sweat glands and ducts; larger ducts of exocrine glands
142
location of stratified columnar epithelium
largest ducts of exocrine glands and conjunctiva of eye
143
pseudostratified epithelium
appears stratified, but is only one cell layer of generally columnar cells. ALL cells touch the basement membrane, but all do not reach the luminal surface. Typically have cilia on apical surface
144
Location of pseudostratified epithelium
lining of trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity, reproductive tract (ductus deferens, oviduct)
145
transitional epithelium (urothelium)
stratified epithelium found exclusively in parts of the renal system. Shape of top layer can change based on distension of underlying tissue.
146
location of transitional epithelium (urothelium)
urethra, bladder, ureters, renal calyces
147
exocrine glands
product is secreted via ducts onto an external or internal epithelial surface. secretions can be mucous (glycoproteins and water), serous (proteins and water) or mixed
148
endocrine glands
product secreted into bloodstream or lymphatics. NO ducts. Closely associated with capillaries. Secretions are hormones.
149
Mechanisms of secretion
merocrine/eccrine, apocrine, holocrine
150
merocrine/eccrine secretion
exocytosis from membrane bounds granules or vesicles that fuse with apical cell membrane (eg pancreas)
151
apocine secretion
product released with small amount of apical cytoplasm and membrane (eg mammary gland secretion of mild lipids)
152
holocrine secretion
secretory product constitutes the entire cell and its products (eg sebaceous gland)
153
symmetrical cell junctions
tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions
154
asymmetrical cell junctions
hemidesmosomes
155
tight junction
boundary between apical and basolateral domains of epithelial cell. control passage of substance between adjacent cells. created by localized sealing of adjacent plasma membranes near apical regions. consists of several proteins that interact with cytoplasmic f-actin. Common proteins are occludin, clauin, and the ZO proteins
156
desmosomes
provide mechanical anchoring and maintain integrity of epithelial surface by resisting cell-cell separation. consist of plaque that contains proteins desmoplakin, plakoglobin and plakophilin that interact with cytoplasmic keratin filaments on one side and adhesion molecules on the other side
157
gap junction
mediate intercellular communication by permitting passage of small molecules between adjacent cells. formed by integral membrane proteins called connexins that come together to form a hollow cylindrical structure that spans plasma membrane called a connexon. end-to-end alignment of connexons in adjacent cells provide direct channel of communication between cytoplasms. allows for coordinated responses and activities of epithelium.
158
hemidesmosomes
asymmetrical cell junctions located in basal cell membrane that anchor cells to basal lamina. consists of an inner cytoplasmic plate that is associated with keratin filaments and outer membrane plaque that links cell to basal lamina. Disruption of hemidesmosomes causes blistering.
159
cilia
motile cell projections made of microtubules (9+2) for defense of the tissue and transport of materials out of cell. epithelium in trachea and oviduct have cillia. (polycystic kidney disease and situs inversus)
160
microvilli
finger-like projections of apical cell surface. core of actin-containing filaments. presence of microvilli characterizes epithelial cell that exhibits primarily absorptive functions.. they are non-motile; function to increase absorptive surface area
161
basement membrane
2 components: basal lamina and reticular lamina.
162
basal lamina
sheet-like connective tissue matrix in direct contact with the basal surface of epithelial cell. consists primarily of proteins laminin and type IV collagen
163
reticular lamina
formed by type III collagen, supports the basal lamina and is continuous with surrounding connective tissue
164
integrins
proteins on cell surface that bind epithelial cells to basal lamina. they are transmembrane heterodimers with associated alpha and beta subunits. interaction important in regulating epithelial cell behavior and cell proliferation
