Week 7

Question 1

Dualism

Answer 1

The philosophical belief that reality consists of two distinct entities: mind and matter

Question 2

Materialism

Answer 2

Philosophical belief that reality can be known only through an understanding of the physical world of which the mind is part of

Question 3

Physicalism

Answer 3

The view that everything that exists is no more entensive than its physical properties

Question 4

Monism

Answer 4

The view that only one kind of substance exists

Question 5

Operational definition of conciousness

Answer 5

A person is conscious when he/she is able to report his/her own mental state

Question 6

Measures of conciousness

Answer 6

Remembering a stimulus long enough to report on it

Give a simple verbal report

Question 7

Neutral correlates

Answer 7

Minimal neuronal mechanisms required to produce a specific conscious precept

Question 8

Blindsight

Answer 8

A phenomenon in which individuals with damage to the visual cortex or visual pathways report no visual experience, despite being able to still accurately preform some tasks involving vision

Question 9

Vegetative state

Answer 9

Describes a person who is awake and shows sleep-wake cycles but shows no signs of being aware of himself or his environment. He is unable to interact with others and shows no evidence of reproducible voluntary responses to any kind of external stimuli

Question 10

Minimally conscious state

Answer 10

Condition of severly altered consciousness where there is minimal evidence of any form of awareness. To be classified as minimally conscious, patentiens have to show some evidence of reproducible and voluntary behaviour, such as responding to simple commands

Question 11

Brain death

Answer 11

Irreversible unconsciousness with complete loss of brain function

Question 12

Locked-in syndrome

Answer 12

Condition in which an individual is full conscious, but all the voluntary muscles of the body are completely paralyzed, with the possible exception of the muscles controlling eye movement

Question 13

Restoration theory

Answer 13

Sleep is essential for revitalizing and restoring the physiological processes that keep the body and mind healthy and functioning properly

Question 14

Preservation and protection theory

Answer 14

A theory that holds that sleep serves an adaptive function. It protects the animal during that portion of the 24 hour day in which being awake, and hence roaming around, would place the individuals at the greatest risk

Question 15

Consolidation

Answer 15

Process that serves to maintain, strengthen and modify memories that are already stored in long term memory. Once memories go through consolidation they are thoughtless and stable

Question 16

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 16

A test that detecs electrical activity in your brain using small, flat metal discs attached to your scalp

Question 17

Alpha activity

Answer 17

Neural activity in the range of 8-12Hz

Question 18

Rapid eye movement

Answer 18

Period of sleep during which dreaming, rapid eye movements and muscular paralysis occur and the EEG shows beta activity

Question 19

Theta activity

Answer 19

Electrical activity of the brain that is in the 3.5-7.5Hz range

Question 20

Delta activity

Answer 20

Electrical activity of the brain with a frequency of less than 3.5 cycles per second (deepest sleep)

Question 21

Slow wave sleep

Answer 21

Sleep other than REM sleep, characterized by regular, slow waves on the EEG

Question 22

How you go through sleep cycles

Answer 22

1-4-3-2-REM

Question 23

Beta activity

Answer 23

High frequency neural oscillations in the range of 15-30z or 15-30 cycles per second. This activity characterizes an alert, wakeful state of consciousness

Question 24

REM atonia

Answer 24

Lack of muscle response during dreams

Question 25

Parasomnia

Answer 25

Sleep disorder category involving abnormal movements, perceptions or dreams during any stage of sleep

Question 26

Dichotic listening

Answer 26

Two different auditory stimuli (usually speech) are presented to the participant simultaneously

Question 27

Shadow

Answer 27

Repeating the content of the message attended to

Question 28

Filter model of attention

Answer 28

Attention is a filter on incoming sensory information. ONly sensory signal that pass through the filter go on to be processed further

Question 29

Visual search

Answer 29

Common task of looking for something in a cluttered visual environment

Question 30

Target

Answer 30

Stimulus that is the subject or goal of the search

Question 31

Conjunction search

Answer 31

Each item in the visual array must be examined to determine if it is the target stimulus

Question 32

Singleton searches

Answer 32

All items can be identified at the same time

Question 33

Feature-integration theory of attention

Answer 33

This theory holds that simple features are processed quickly sorting into features. If combinations of features must be examined, then extra cognition and attention is required, slowing the process

Question 34

Signal detection theory

Answer 34

The perception of a stimulus is dependent upon boht the judgement of the subject as well as sensory experience

Question 35

Response bias

Answer 35

A person’s tendency to say ‘yes’ or ‘no’ when he is not sure whether he detected the stimulus

Question 36

Satisfaction of search

Answer 36

The finding of one stimulus interferes with the finding or subsequent stimuli

Question 37

Rapid, Serial, Visual, Presentation

Answer 37

A technique of displaying information rapidly and sequentially for identification of a target object

Question 38

Change blindness

Answer 38

Failure to detect a change when vision is interrupted by a saccade (rapid eye movement) or artificially produced obstruction

Question 39

Inattentional blindness

Answer 39

Failure to perceive an event when attention is diverted elsewhere

Question 40

Functional neuroimaging

Answer 40

A type of brain scan showing the areas of the brain that are active when a subject performs certain tasks

Question 41

Bistable stimuli

Answer 41

Ambiguous stimuli with more than one possible interpretation