Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nativists

A

Born the way we are, experiences play little or no role in shaping our behaviour

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2
Q

Empiricists

A

Born with no ideas or knowledge of behaviour

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3
Q

Unconditioned stimulus produces

A

produces unconditioned response

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4
Q

Unconditioned stimulus elicits…

A

A behaviour prior to any learning

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5
Q

Unconditioned response is

A

A reflexive response of the conditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Stimulus that doesn’t elicit the response of interest

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7
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that initially evokes no response, but after conditioned now revokes a response

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8
Q

Conditioned response

A

A response that is similar, but not often identical to the unconditioned response that is evoked by the conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Five general factors in any conditioned response

A
  1. Acquisition
  2. Generalization
  3. Discrimination training
  4. Contiguity
  5. Contingency
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10
Q

Acquisition

A

The time during which a CR first appears and increases in frequency and in intensity, becoming more and more like the UCR

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11
Q

Delay conditioning

A

Where there is a delay between onset of the CS and onset of the UCS (MOST EFFECTIVE)

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12
Q

Backward conditioning

A

Changing the order of events so that UCS is presented before CS

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13
Q

Simultaneous conditioning

A

Occurs when both the UCS and the CS are presented at the same time

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14
Q

Trace conditioning

A

Occurs when the CS is presented and removed just before the UCS is presented

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15
Q

Memory trace

A

An impression, sensory or short term memory of a stimulus left in the brain

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16
Q

Generalization

A

CR elicited by stimuli that resemble but are not identical to the CS used in training

17
Q

Discrimination training

A

Training the animal/subject to respond selectively to only one stimulus and not others that are similar

18
Q

Habituation and adaption

A

Involves diminished response to a stimulus after repeated exposure. It is a slow process

19
Q

Contiguity

A

A continuous series of frequent pairings

20
Q

Contingency

A

The degree to which the occurrence of some event is predicated by another event

21
Q

Extinction

A

The gradual weakening and loss of the conditioned response that results in the UCS being withheld after presentation of the CS

22
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period of lessened response

23
Q

Thorndike

A

Law of Effect: The consequences of a behaviour determine whether is is likely to be repeated
Instrumental recovery: Method of learning in which the reinforcement is made contingent on the learners response

24
Q

BF Skinner

A

Proposed instrumental and classical conditioning were two very different processes

25
Operant
Any behaviour that results in either a good consequence (reinforcement) or bad consequence (punishment)
26
Escape conditioning
Form of learning in which the organism learns to preform a behaviour to escape from an aversive stimulus
27
Shaping
Reinforcement of behaviour that successively approximates the desired response until that response is fully acquired
28
Chaining
Refers to the idea that animals can be trained to produce many different operant responses on after the other, like links in a chain EX: getting depressed people out of bed
29
Stimulus control
A behaviour is under stimulus control when it is likely to be exhibited when that stimulus is present, and unlikely to be exhibited when that stimulus is absent
30
Schedules of reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement Intermittent reinforcement Variable schedule of reinforcement (ratio and interval)
31
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcement of a desired behaviour provided each time the desired behaviour is shown
32
Intermittent reinforcement
Occasional reinforcement of a particular behaviour; produces responding that is more resistant to extinction. Produces slower acquisition and slower extinction than continuous reinforcement
33
Variable schedule reinforcement
Reinforcement is delivered after a variable # of behaviours or to the first behaviour exhibited after a variable amount of time has elapsed
34
Ratio schedules
Especially those with high ratios, encourage organisms to exhibit lots of the desired behaviour Interval schedules: don't encourage high rates of response
35
Scalloping
Effort produced as reinforcement in a fixed schedule is anticipated
36
Partial reinforcement effect
Extinction occurs slowly as there have been many trails without reinforcement followed by trials with reinforcement
37
Superstitious behaviour
Operant behaviours that have been accidentally reinforced