Week 4

Question 1

Nativists

Answer 1

Born the way we are, experiences play little or no role in shaping our behaviour

Question 2

Empiricists

Answer 2

Born with no ideas or knowledge of behaviour

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus produces

Answer 3

produces unconditioned response

Question 4

Unconditioned stimulus elicits…

Answer 4

A behaviour prior to any learning

Question 5

Unconditioned response is

Answer 5

A reflexive response of the conditioned stimulus

Question 6

Neutral stimulus

Answer 6

Stimulus that doesn’t elicit the response of interest

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

A stimulus that initially evokes no response, but after conditioned now revokes a response

Question 8

Conditioned response

Answer 8

A response that is similar, but not often identical to the unconditioned response that is evoked by the conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Five general factors in any conditioned response

Answer 9

1. Acquisition
2. Generalization
3. Discrimination training
4. Contiguity
5. Contingency

Question 10

Acquisition

Answer 10

The time during which a CR first appears and increases in frequency and in intensity, becoming more and more like the UCR

Question 11

Delay conditioning

Answer 11

Where there is a delay between onset of the CS and onset of the UCS (MOST EFFECTIVE)

Question 12

Backward conditioning

Answer 12

Changing the order of events so that UCS is presented before CS

Question 13

Simultaneous conditioning

Answer 13

Occurs when both the UCS and the CS are presented at the same time

Question 14

Trace conditioning

Answer 14

Occurs when the CS is presented and removed just before the UCS is presented

Question 15

Memory trace

Answer 15

An impression, sensory or short term memory of a stimulus left in the brain

Question 16

Generalization

Answer 16

CR elicited by stimuli that resemble but are not identical to the CS used in training

Question 17

Discrimination training

Answer 17

Training the animal/subject to respond selectively to only one stimulus and not others that are similar

Question 18

Habituation and adaption

Answer 18

Involves diminished response to a stimulus after repeated exposure. It is a slow process

Question 19

Contiguity

Answer 19

A continuous series of frequent pairings

Question 20

Contingency

Answer 20

The degree to which the occurrence of some event is predicated by another event

Question 21

Extinction

Answer 21

The gradual weakening and loss of the conditioned response that results in the UCS being withheld after presentation of the CS

Question 22

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 22

The reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period of lessened response

Question 23

Thorndike

Answer 23

Law of Effect: The consequences of a behaviour determine whether is is likely to be repeated
Instrumental recovery: Method of learning in which the reinforcement is made contingent on the learners response

Question 24

BF Skinner

Answer 24

Proposed instrumental and classical conditioning were two very different processes

Question 25

Operant

Answer 25

Any behaviour that results in either a good consequence (reinforcement) or bad consequence (punishment)

Question 26

Escape conditioning

Answer 26

Form of learning in which the organism learns to preform a behaviour to escape from an aversive stimulus

Question 27

Shaping

Answer 27

Reinforcement of behaviour that successively approximates the desired response until that response is fully acquired

Question 28

Chaining

Answer 28

Refers to the idea that animals can be trained to produce many different operant responses on after the other, like links in a chain
EX: getting depressed people out of bed

Question 29

Stimulus control

Answer 29

A behaviour is under stimulus control when it is likely to be exhibited when that stimulus is present, and unlikely to be exhibited when that stimulus is absent

Question 30

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 30

Continuous reinforcement
Intermittent reinforcement
Variable schedule of reinforcement (ratio and interval)

Question 31

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 31

Reinforcement of a desired behaviour provided each time the desired behaviour is shown

Question 32

Intermittent reinforcement

Answer 32

Occasional reinforcement of a particular behaviour; produces responding that is more resistant to extinction. Produces slower acquisition and slower extinction than continuous reinforcement

Question 33

Variable schedule reinforcement

Answer 33

Reinforcement is delivered after a variable # of behaviours or to the first behaviour exhibited after a variable amount of time has elapsed

Question 34

Ratio schedules

Answer 34

Especially those with high ratios, encourage organisms to exhibit lots of the desired behaviour
Interval schedules: don’t encourage high rates of response

Question 35

Scalloping

Answer 35

Effort produced as reinforcement in a fixed schedule is anticipated

Question 36

Partial reinforcement effect

Answer 36

Extinction occurs slowly as there have been many trails without reinforcement followed by trials with reinforcement

Question 37

Superstitious behaviour

Answer 37

Operant behaviours that have been accidentally reinforced