Week 14 Flashcards
Geminal period
First 2 weeks after sperm and egg unite
Gamete
A mature male or female cell used for reproduction
Haploid
Having one set of chromosomes instead of the usual complement of 2
Zygote
A single new cell formed at conception
Diploid
A cell containing both sets of chromosomes
Cleavage
Division of cells in the early embryo to form blastomeres
Morula
A solid mass of blastomeres resulting from a # of cleavages in a zygote
Epigenetic modification
Process/reasoning for differences in cells in our bodies. Doesn’t remove or add cells, but it means some genes are turned off and others turned on
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells that divide and produce any one of a variety of cells
Blastocyst
The stage a fertilized egg reaches after 5-6 days after conception
Inner cell mass
The mass of cells inside the morula that will eventually form the embryo
Trophoblast
The cells that form the outer layer of blastocyst
Embryo
The cell development stage proceeding the fertus
Layers of cells
Endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm
Endoderm
The inner most layer of tissue of the 3 primary germ cell layers of the embryo. Eventually develops into the digestive system, urinary system and lungs
Mesoderm
The middle layer of the embryo. Transforms into muscle, bone, and the circulatory system.
Ectoderm
The outer layer of the embryo, develops into skin, hair, teeth, and the central nervous system.
Embryonic period
Begins after the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall
Embryonic stages
Trophoblast layer transforms into 2 parts. Developing embryo residing in amniotic sac is the first
Placenta attaches to the inside of the amniotic sac and the umbilical cord of the embryo. Placenta blocks the transfer of many harmful chemicals
Neural tube
The embryo’s precursor to the central nervous system. Develops into the brain and spinal cord via neuralation
Neuralation
The formation of the embryonic nervous system which will develop into the brain and central nervous system
Neurogenesis
The process by which neurons are generated.
Neural migration
The process through which neurons move/grow/connect as the basic neural tube develops into a more mature brain
Embryonic development
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Cephalocaudal
The pattern of embryonic development in which development occurs most intensely at the head and proceeds downward through the body
Proximodistal
The pattern of embryonic development proceeding from the centre of the organism outward
Apoptosis
The genetically programmed process of cell death as part of normal development or the normal functioning of cells and organs
Foetal Period
9 week - weights 30g 4cm long
3 months - majority of organ growth is complete. begins breathing like motions
End of 4th month - sleep and wake patterns. can move
5th month - vestibular system begins to develop, can recognize mothers voice
6th month - could survive birth. growth of inhibitory neural pathways throughout the body
7-9 months - experiences taste. growing lots.
Teratogens
External compounds that can cause extreme deviations from typical development if introduced to the developing organism.
Rooting reflex
When infants feel something on their cheek they turn their head and open their mouth
Sucking reflex
If something enters the infants mouth when it’s open they will suck on it
Babinski
Stroke underside of infants foot and they will fan and curl their toes
Tonic Neck
Turn head to one side, extend arm on same side as gaze, flex arm and knee on opposite side
Stepping
When held upright over a flat surface, infants move their feet in a walk-like fashion, demonstrating a stepping reflex
Moro
Throw out arms and gasp as if they feel themselves dropping unexpectedly
Eyeblink
Present from birth - death. protects eyes
Grasping reflex
Birth - 3 months. Grab anything that presses against their palms
Motor milestone
Specific ages that children develop certain motor milestones
Synapses
Junction between the terminal button of one neuron and the membrane of muscle fibre, a gland, or another neuron
Synaptogenesis
The process through which new synapses are formed between neurons
Synaptic pruning
Facilitates a change in neural structure by reducing the overall # of synapses, leaving more efficient synaptic configurations. Occurs throughout life.
Experience-Dependent Plasticity
The ability of the nervous system to wire and rewire itself in response to lasting changes in experience
Experience-Expected Plasticity
Development that will not happen unless a particular experience occurs during its critical period.
Stabismus
Lack of coordination between the eyes
Amblyopia
The loss or lack of development of central vision in one eye that is unrelated to any eye health problem and is not correctable with lenses
Brofenbrenners Model
Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem
Microsystem
Consists of you and your relationships with those in your immediate surroundings (family/teachers)
Mesosystem
Is made up of connections between different relationships you have within your microsystem
Exosystem
Refers to those settings that you might not directly experience but remain influenced by
Macrosystem
Refers to the larger social constructs that shape your environment in less-direct ways
Chronosystem
Encompasses those historical changes that influence development and those stages
Social learning theory
View of psychologists who emphasize behaviour, environment and cognition as they key factors in development
Reciprocal determinism
A person’s behaviour is both influenced by and influences his/her attitudes and behaviours and the environment
Perceived self efficiacy
Individual’s perception of his/her ability to master a situation and produce favourable outcomes
Myelination
The development of myelin sheath around the axons of neurons. This sheath insulates neurons from each other and increases the speed at which neurons transmit information. Also used to determind the relative maturity of different areas of the brain
Executive functioning
Functions involved in goal-oriented behaviour, planning and problem solving
Menarche
The first menstrual cycle
Spermarche
Sign of sexual maturity in boys marked by the production of viable sperm and first ejaculation
Menopause
The permanent end of menstruation and a women’s fertility
Erikson’s Stages of lifestyle
8 stages. Development tasks across your entire life which can go good/bad
Moratorium
Exploring options, crisis unresolved
Framework
Not possible to test/disprove
