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PSYC 100 > Week 5 and Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 5 and Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

The CNS includes the brain and spinal cords. The spinal cord communicates with all the sensory organs and muscles

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The PNS includes the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves, which transmit sensory information from the body to the CNS and transmit motors and other commands in other directions, from the CNS to muscles and glans and internal organs

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3
Q

Automatic nervous system

A

Component of the PNS that receives information from and send commands to the heart and other organs. Controls involuntary. Important in maintaining homeostasis

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Tendency of an animal to regulate its internal conditions by a system of feedback controls (like hunger/eating) as to optimize health and functioning

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5
Q

Two classes of cells in central nervous system

A

Glia

Neurons

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6
Q

Glia

A

Supporting cells that supply oxygen and nutrients to neurons, remove dead cells and insulate

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7
Q

Neuron

A

Specialized cells capable of transmitting information

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8
Q

A prototypical neuron has 7 distinct features

A 
Cell body
Nucleus
Dendrites
Axon
Myelin sheath
axon/synaptic terminal
synapse
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9
Q

Dendrites

A

Look similar to tree branches and receive information

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10
Q

Axon

A

Transmits information from one neuron to the next

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11
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covers the axon to insulate it and make impluses travel along the axon faster and more efficiently

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12
Q

Axon/synaptic terminal

A

Sends information across a synapse using neurotransmitters or electrical impluses

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13
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between two neurons

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14
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Detect information from the physical world and pass that information to the brain: often called AFFERENT NEURONS

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15
Q

Motor neurons

A

Direct muscles to relax or contract, producing movement. They are EFFERENT neuron’s sending information FROm brain TO body

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16
Q

Interneurons

A

Any neuron that is not a sensory or motor neuron. Link sensory and motor neurons and work to integrate and communicate information, rather than to transmit information from the brain to the body or vice versa

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17
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axon fibres

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18
Q

Tract

A

Nerves that are entirely within the brain or spinal cord

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19
Q

Spinal Reflex Arc

A

Sensory and motor neurons and interneurons cooperate to move the body away from the pain. Very primative but highly functional behaviour

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20
Q

5 Basic elements of the Spinal Reflex Arc

A

Receptor - Sensory Neuron - Integration centre - motor neuron - effector

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21
Q

Two types of synpases

A

Excitatory synapses
Inhibitory synapses
Classify as graded potentials

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22
Q

Excitatory synapses

A

Activated when a terminal button releases a transmitter substance that excited the post synaptic on the other side of the synapse. The excitation makes it more likely the postsynaptic neuron will fire

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23
Q

Inhibitory synapses

A

Lower the likelihood that the axons of the postsynaptic neurons will fire when they’re activated.

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24
Q

Action Potential

A

If a neuron is sufficiently depolarized it will generate an action potential. But there is also a “refactory” period where a neuron has to recover before it can fire again

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25
Q

Factors in transmitting pain information

A 
Neurons generate action potential
Neuron-neuron communication can be chemical
Communication uses neurotransmitters
Synapses
Sending neurons release transmitters
Receptors accept transmitters
Neurotransmitters are released
Neurotransmitters carry signals across synapses
26
Q

3 Families of Neurotransmitters

A

Amines
Amino Acids
Peptides

27
Q

Amines

A

Family of neurotransmitters that includes dopamine, serotonin etc

28
Q

Amino acids

A

Includes glumate

29
Q

Peptides

A

regulate emotions, pain preceptors and stress responses

30
Q

Drugs used for pharmacotherapy work in 1/3 ways

A

Can act as presynaptic neurons
Can in the cleft to either facilitate or inhibit the release of a neurotransmitter
Can act directly on postsynaptic binding sites, either producing the same effect as the neurotransmitter or blocking the neurotransmitter from producing its normal effect

31
Q

Agonist drugs

A

That enhance or mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter

32
Q

Antagonist drugs

A

Drugs that inhibit neurotransmissions by blocking the receptors for or the synthesis of the neurotransmitters

33
Q

Brain as equipotential

A

The brain has specialized areas that have different functions

34
Q

Aphasia

A

The loss of the ability to speak

Two different kinds - Broca’s and Wernicke’s

35
Q

Broca’s asphasia

A

Language disorder resulting from brain damage in which the primary difficulty is with producing language rather than understanding it

36
Q

Wernicke’s asphasia

A

A deficit in speech comprehension without a loss in speech production, where damage is to the left side of the brain but much closer to the back

37
Q

Ways to map brain stimulation

A

Imaging
Electrical stimulation
Microelectrodes
Stimulate and record

38
Q

7 Major Components of the brain

A 
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Basal ganglia
Limbic 
Cerebral cortex
39
Q

Brainstem

A

Lower part of the brain that connects it with the spinal cord. Important for consciousness, sleep and life maintaining functions like breathing and heartbeat

40
Q

Cerebellum

A

Pair of hemispheres resembling the cerebral hemispheres that are involved with motor control - the cerebellum ensures that movements are coordinate, well timed and precise.

41
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Area of the brain that controls the hormonal system, drives (hunger and thirst) where behaviours are responses to the drives

42
Q

Thalamus

A

Information from the sensory organs and motor signals from subcortical structures like the basal ganglia are received by thalamic regions and relayed separately to cortex. The thalamus is also involved in regulating wakefulness and sleep

43
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Group of subcortical structures that exchange information with different parts of the cerebral cortex and play a roll in voluntary movement and learning and remembering how to do something

44
Q

Limbic system

A

of interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem and are important for motivation, emotion and some types of memory

45
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebral hemisphere of the brain consisting of a “rind” of grey matter - the neuron cell bodies underneath the grey matter - the myelinated long axons of some of those cells, communicating with cells in other brain regions

46
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Relatively more specialized for speech and touch

47
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Appreciation of 3D space and spatial relationships

48
Q

Endocrine system

A

Controls many behaviours functions the release of hormones. Pituitary gland

49
Q

Subcortial

A

Under the cortex

50
Q

What happens when the limbic system is damaged

A

Removes an individuals ability to experience stress, anxiety and fear. Takes away motivation to strive and accomplish goals related to survival

51
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

The part of the brain that generates the motor commands resulting in the voluntary movements of parts of the body

52
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Occupies about 30% of the cortex in humans and is essential for rational, goal-directing activity for directing and maintaining attention, for keeping ideas in mind and for developing plans and acting on them

53
Q

Systems connected in temporal lobe

A

Hippocampus and amygdala, parts of limbic

54
Q

Primary Olfactory Cortex

A

Located near the amygdala and hippocampus where odor information is maintained temporary storage

55
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

First cortical relay receiving information on touch from the thalamus

56
Q

Hemispatial neglect

A

Syndrome characterized by reducing awareness of stimuli on one side of space, even though there may be no sensory loss

57
Q

Occipital cortex

A

Almost exclusively devoted to visual perception

58
Q

Lateralization of function

A

Left and right hemispheres of the brain are specialized for different functions

59
Q

Brain plasticity

A

Brains ability to charge throughout life

60
Q

Long-term potential

A

A long term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input

61
Q

Cell Assembly

A

System of interconnected neurons that activate in a specific dynamic pattern; activation of part of the cell assembly sends signals that activate the remainder of its components

62
Q

Split brain studies

A

Can sever the connection between the two hemispheres (corpus callosum)
Still lets the individual remain largely normal and functional

PSYC 100 (20 decks)

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