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PSYC 100 > Week 5 and Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 5 and Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

The CNS includes the brain and spinal cords. The spinal cord communicates with all the sensory organs and muscles

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The PNS includes the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves, which transmit sensory information from the body to the CNS and transmit motors and other commands in other directions, from the CNS to muscles and glans and internal organs

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3
Q

Automatic nervous system

A

Component of the PNS that receives information from and send commands to the heart and other organs. Controls involuntary. Important in maintaining homeostasis

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Tendency of an animal to regulate its internal conditions by a system of feedback controls (like hunger/eating) as to optimize health and functioning

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5
Q

Two classes of cells in central nervous system

A

Glia

Neurons

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6
Q

Glia

A

Supporting cells that supply oxygen and nutrients to neurons, remove dead cells and insulate

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7
Q

Neuron

A

Specialized cells capable of transmitting information

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8
Q

A prototypical neuron has 7 distinct features

A 
Cell body
Nucleus
Dendrites
Axon
Myelin sheath
axon/synaptic terminal
synapse
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9
Q

Dendrites

A

Look similar to tree branches and receive information

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10
Q

Axon

A

Transmits information from one neuron to the next

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11
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covers the axon to insulate it and make impluses travel along the axon faster and more efficiently

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12
Q

Axon/synaptic terminal

A

Sends information across a synapse using neurotransmitters or electrical impluses

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13
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between two neurons

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14
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Detect information from the physical world and pass that information to the brain: often called AFFERENT NEURONS

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15
Q

Motor neurons

A

Direct muscles to relax or contract, producing movement. They are EFFERENT neuron’s sending information FROm brain TO body

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16
Q

Interneurons

A

Any neuron that is not a sensory or motor neuron. Link sensory and motor neurons and work to integrate and communicate information, rather than to transmit information from the brain to the body or vice versa

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17
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axon fibres

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18
Q

Tract

A

Nerves that are entirely within the brain or spinal cord

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19
Q

Spinal Reflex Arc

A

Sensory and motor neurons and interneurons cooperate to move the body away from the pain. Very primative but highly functional behaviour

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20
Q

5 Basic elements of the Spinal Reflex Arc

A

Receptor - Sensory Neuron - Integration centre - motor neuron - effector

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21
Q

Two types of synpases

A

Excitatory synapses
Inhibitory synapses
Classify as graded potentials

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22
Q

Excitatory synapses

A

Activated when a terminal button releases a transmitter substance that excited the post synaptic on the other side of the synapse. The excitation makes it more likely the postsynaptic neuron will fire

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23
Q

Inhibitory synapses

A

Lower the likelihood that the axons of the postsynaptic neurons will fire when they’re activated.

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24
Q

Action Potential

A

If a neuron is sufficiently depolarized it will generate an action potential. But there is also a “refactory” period where a neuron has to recover before it can fire again

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25
Factors in transmitting pain information
``` Neurons generate action potential Neuron-neuron communication can be chemical Communication uses neurotransmitters Synapses Sending neurons release transmitters Receptors accept transmitters Neurotransmitters are released Neurotransmitters carry signals across synapses ```
26
3 Families of Neurotransmitters
Amines Amino Acids Peptides
27
Amines
Family of neurotransmitters that includes dopamine, serotonin etc
28
Amino acids
Includes glumate
29
Peptides
regulate emotions, pain preceptors and stress responses
30
Drugs used for pharmacotherapy work in 1/3 ways
Can act as presynaptic neurons Can in the cleft to either facilitate or inhibit the release of a neurotransmitter Can act directly on postsynaptic binding sites, either producing the same effect as the neurotransmitter or blocking the neurotransmitter from producing its normal effect
31
Agonist drugs
That enhance or mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter
32
Antagonist drugs
Drugs that inhibit neurotransmissions by blocking the receptors for or the synthesis of the neurotransmitters
33
Brain as equipotential
The brain has specialized areas that have different functions
34
Aphasia
The loss of the ability to speak | Two different kinds - Broca's and Wernicke's
35
Broca's asphasia
Language disorder resulting from brain damage in which the primary difficulty is with producing language rather than understanding it
36
Wernicke's asphasia
A deficit in speech comprehension without a loss in speech production, where damage is to the left side of the brain but much closer to the back
37
Ways to map brain stimulation
Imaging Electrical stimulation Microelectrodes Stimulate and record
38
7 Major Components of the brain
``` Brainstem Cerebellum Hypothalamus Thalamus Basal ganglia Limbic Cerebral cortex ```
39
Brainstem
Lower part of the brain that connects it with the spinal cord. Important for consciousness, sleep and life maintaining functions like breathing and heartbeat
40
Cerebellum
Pair of hemispheres resembling the cerebral hemispheres that are involved with motor control - the cerebellum ensures that movements are coordinate, well timed and precise.
41
Hypothalamus
Area of the brain that controls the hormonal system, drives (hunger and thirst) where behaviours are responses to the drives
42
Thalamus
Information from the sensory organs and motor signals from subcortical structures like the basal ganglia are received by thalamic regions and relayed separately to cortex. The thalamus is also involved in regulating wakefulness and sleep
43
Basal ganglia
Group of subcortical structures that exchange information with different parts of the cerebral cortex and play a roll in voluntary movement and learning and remembering how to do something
44
Limbic system
of interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem and are important for motivation, emotion and some types of memory
45
Cerebral cortex
Outer layer of the cerebral hemisphere of the brain consisting of a "rind" of grey matter - the neuron cell bodies underneath the grey matter - the myelinated long axons of some of those cells, communicating with cells in other brain regions
46
Left hemisphere
Relatively more specialized for speech and touch
47
Right hemisphere
Appreciation of 3D space and spatial relationships
48
Endocrine system
Controls many behaviours functions the release of hormones. Pituitary gland
49
Subcortial
Under the cortex
50
What happens when the limbic system is damaged
Removes an individuals ability to experience stress, anxiety and fear. Takes away motivation to strive and accomplish goals related to survival
51
Primary motor cortex
The part of the brain that generates the motor commands resulting in the voluntary movements of parts of the body
52
Prefrontal cortex
Occupies about 30% of the cortex in humans and is essential for rational, goal-directing activity for directing and maintaining attention, for keeping ideas in mind and for developing plans and acting on them
53
Systems connected in temporal lobe
Hippocampus and amygdala, parts of limbic
54
Primary Olfactory Cortex
Located near the amygdala and hippocampus where odor information is maintained temporary storage
55
Primary somatosensory cortex
First cortical relay receiving information on touch from the thalamus
56
Hemispatial neglect
Syndrome characterized by reducing awareness of stimuli on one side of space, even though there may be no sensory loss
57
Occipital cortex
Almost exclusively devoted to visual perception
58
Lateralization of function
Left and right hemispheres of the brain are specialized for different functions
59
Brain plasticity
Brains ability to charge throughout life
60
Long-term potential
A long term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input
61
Cell Assembly
System of interconnected neurons that activate in a specific dynamic pattern; activation of part of the cell assembly sends signals that activate the remainder of its components
62
Split brain studies
Can sever the connection between the two hemispheres (corpus callosum) Still lets the individual remain largely normal and functional

PSYC 100 (20 decks)

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