Week 6: Respiratory A&P Flashcards
In the ____ ___ there ______ or ____ that serve as out primary line of defense
Upper respiratory
Flora
Bacteria
The upper respiratory tract has the ____, ____ and ____ ____.
Nose
Mouth
Laryngeal pharynx
The air comes into the ___/ _____ so that it can be warm and moist. The _____ of the upper and lower respiratory tracts help get ____ out, _____ receptors help us sneeze and cough to get bacteria out.
Mouth/ nose
Cilia
Bacteria
Irritant
The _____ connects to the oropharynx. The ______ tonsil or the _____ tonsil is the superior most of the tonsils. It is a mass of ___ Tissue situated posterior to the nasal cavity, in the roof of the ____. Also responsible for ____ and are the ___ line of defense
Nasopharynx Pharyngeal Nasopharyngeal Lymphatic Nasopharynx Filtration First
The ____ ____ is where air and food pass through. The ____opens and closes to help control the flow of food so that we don’t ______
Laryngeal pharynx
Epiglottis
Aspirate
The ____ ____ needs to be kept _____, if we get bacteria in there is leads to an infection process.
Lower respiratory
Sterile
The ____ has cartilage rings that help keep the ___ stable, which would collapse due to the massive pressure in the chest if the cartilage rings weren’t there. The ____/___ are branch trees that lead to alveoli. Alveoli are ___ ___, where ___ ___ occurs
Trachea Trachea Bronchi/ bronchioles Air sacs Gas exchange
The respiratory system serves 2 purposes ____ and ____
Ventilation and diffusion
___ is breathing in and out, getting ___ in and ___ out
Ventilation
_____ is getting that ____ into the blood in order for metabolism to occur and ____ out. This occurs at the ____
Diffusion
Oxygen
Co2
ACJ (alveolar capillary junction)
Inspiration involves ____ ___ using the intercostal muscles, ___ and ____ muscles. When we inhale we create an area of __ pressure inside the ____ higher than the ___ pressure so that air is going to move towards the ____
Chest expansion Diaphragm Sternocleidomastoid Negative Lungs Atmospheric Lungs
Ventilation is controlled by __ law. Air will go from an area of ___ pressure to an area of ___ pressure
Boyles
Higher
Lower
In expiration the ___ and ____ muscles relax. This puts pressure on the ____ ____ and once that pressure gets ____ enough to the pressure _____ our chest cavity will be ___ than the pressure in the _____
Diaphragm and intercostal Chest cavity Large Chest cavity Greater Atmosphere
Tidal volume
Amount of air exchanged with our normal inspiration and expiration. Normal breath in and out at rest
Residual volume
Is what’s left in the lungs after have have exhaled as much as we possibly can. We can’t get every bit out because that will cause our alveoli to collapse
Expiratory reserve volume
Difference between tidal volume and residual volume. How much air we can push out after we’ve done our normal respiration
Inspiratory capacity
How much air we can take in after Normal exhalation with a full breath, just trying to breathe in as much as we can
Inspiratory reserve volume
Difference between inspiratory capacity and tidal volume. It’s how much we can take in after a normal breath
Vital capacity
Max amount of air that we can normally move in and out of our lungs with a forced inspiration and expiration. Breathing in as much as we possibly can and out as much as we possibly can
Also called FVC
Tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume+ inspiratory reserve volume
Total lung capacity
FVC and FEV1 are used in pulmonary function tests to help determine how well someone is breathing
Forced expiratory volume in one second- FEV1
Done to test pulmonary function.
After taking max inhalation person blows out as hard as they can until they can’t anymore. They will get a measure after 1 second
Ventilation is controlled by _____. The primary control mechanisms are located in the ____ and ____ of the brain stem. _____ detect changes in CO2, H+ ions, 02 or cerebrospinal fluids. Some are located in the ____ ____ in the ____ arteries or near there
Chemoreceptors Pons Medulla Chemoreceptors Carotid body Carotid
___ is an increase of CO2 in the body. co2 diffuses easily into _____ and ____ the pH which stimulates the respiratory center in the ____ which leads to _____ rate of breathing (_______)which gets rid of co2 from the body
Hypercapnea Cerebrospinal Lowers Medulla Increased Hyperventilation
The anatomy of the respiratory system can be divided up into the ____ ___ ___ and the ____ ____ ____; the two are separated by the _____ ______
Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract
Laryngeal pharynx
___ patients have chemoreceptors that are used to chronically high levels of ___, so the body will become insensitive to high ____. When CO2 increases, O2 levels only _____ slightly, and there will be no changes in _____
copd co2 co2 decrease respirations
why can’t you give a COPD patient a lot of o2?
their body depends on the low levels of O2 in the body to increase respirations. If the levels of oxygen in their body are elevated, their body will think “ok great we have enough oxygen so we don’t need to increase our respirations to take in more oxygen,” and if they don’t increase their respirations, their body won’t be getting in oxygen and won’t be getting rid of CO2 either. This will then lead to acid base imbalances.
____ is produced as a byproduct that goes through the bloodstream, and it needs to escape the body, which it does through the ____
co2
lungs
___ ____differences in atmosphere and in blood of CO2 and O2.
partial pressure
When we have ___ blood coming in, our pressure of oxygen is 40 and the pressure of CO2 is 45. This large pressure gradient allows ___ to be pulled into blood and ___ to be released into alveoli.
venous
oxygen
co2
When we bring that ____ air in from the atmosphere, partial pressure of oxygen is pretty high (it is around 160 mm Hg), and CO2 partial pressure is pretty low (around 0.3 mm Hg)
inspired
___ air has a little less oxygen (120 mm Hg) and much more CO2 (27 mm Hg) than____ air.
expired
inspired
___ is going to the alveoli to breathed out. ____ breathed in will from the alveoli to the ____
co2
oxygen
RBCs
diffusion depends on ___ law, which thats that movement is based on ___ gradients, the partial __ of ___ and ____
dalton's pressure pressure co2 o2
inflammed ___ and ___ membranes will effect diffusion
aveolar
capillary
if there is damage to reduce the _____ ____ ____ available there will be less ____
total surface area
diffusion
ventilation perfusion ratio
Usually somewhere between .9-1.
If we have something blocking blood flow, such as PE preventing blood flow to the lungs, then we’re going to effect perfusion and how well we can oxygenate the body and get rid of CO2.
most ___ in the body is reversibly bound to ____. when bound its called _____
oxygen
hemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
Binding/release of oxygen to hemoglobin depends on ___ and___, ___, ____, and ___
po2 pco2 temperature plasma ph
co2 is a waste product of __ ____. about 20% is bound to ___ and its returning to the ____. most diffuses into ____
cell metabolism
hemoglobin
lungs
RBCs
