COPD Overview Flashcards
Emphysema: pathophysiology
Abnormal irreversible enlargement of the gas exchange airways and destruction of alveolar wall without fibrosis
Thickened fibrotic CAPILLARIES
Not releasing CO2/ with expiration
Emphysema: Etiology
Smoking
Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency- genetic autosomal recessive disorder
Emphysema: progression of pathology
- Air trapping in Alveoli resulting in increased total residual volume
- barrel chest ap:t ratio of 1:1
- fixation of ribs, flattened diaphragm, pneumothorax
Pneumothorax
Ruptures of the alveoli that have collapsed and joined together forming large air spaces
The _____ or build up of ___ in body will shut off the central chemoreceptors looking at __ as our respiratory drive and kick in our ___ ___ receptors
Hypercapnea
Co2
Co2
Peripheral o2
People with Emphysema are more prone to ___
Infection
As result of issues with perfusion and ventilation and lack of o2, ___ ____ can occur. This may lead to ____ ___ and eventually ___ ____ ____ ____
Pulmonary HTN
Cor pulmonale
Right sided heart failure
Clinical manifestations of Emphysema include d_____ with activity and eventually at rest. ____ with prolonged expiratory phase to blow off ___. A__, weight ___, f___, and cynosis may occur
Dyspnea Hyperventilation Co2 Anorexia Loss Fatigue
Emphysema “pink puffers” because it’s a ____ issue not an ___ issue
Hyperventilation
O2
Emphysema diagnosing:
Hx and physical Alpha 1 antitrypsin enzyme levels if non smoker FEV1 Spirometer Chest x Ray ABG
Alpha 1 antitrypsin enzyme gets rid of ___ enzymes surrounding the ____. If we’re deficient, the ___ enzymes will degrade the ___ themselves
Protolytic
Alveoli
Protolytic
Alveoli
FEV 1 is less than 30% of expected w__, h__, a___, and g___
Weight
Height
Age
Gender
Treatment of Emphysema
Condition is IRREVERSIBLE, want to prevent worsening Avoid respiratory irritants Immunizations for flu and pneumonia Pulmonary rehab Drug therapy Lung reduction
Chronic bronchitis: pathophysiology
Inflammatory disorder leads to obstruction, difficulty expelling air and oxygenation
Repeated infection with chronic cough that lasts 3 months or longer 2 times in a 2 year span
Mucous glands hypertrophy and there is hyperplasia so lots of mucous production
Fibrosis and thickening of bronchial wall leading to low o2, pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale and right sided heart failure
damage to alveolar wall leading to hyperinflation and reduced airway patency
Emphysema
