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social psychology (1Z03) > week 3 slides > Flashcards

week 3 slides Flashcards

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1
Q

empirical research

A
  • the systematic investigation of observable phenomena (behaviour, events) in the world
  • relies on observable and measurable phenomena
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2
Q

what are the 4 research methods in social psych?

A
  1. surveys
  2. field studies
  3. content analyis
  4. experiments
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3
Q

surveys

A
  • popular source of data collection
  • set of questions geared toward collecting info about a certain group
  • relies on self reporting
  • ex. public opinion polls
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4
Q

strengths and weaknesses of surveys

A

strengths:
-generally inexpensive
-potential clear picture of the phenomena under study
-glimpse into infrequent or private behaviours
weaknesses:
-problems with self reporting

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5
Q

field studies

A
  • observation of everyday life in action
  • unobtrusive measures
  • participant observation
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6
Q

ethnography

A

researcher becomes part of the group being studied

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7
Q

strengths and weaknesses of field studies

A

strengths:

  • real world behaviour
  • study private and sensitive matters (unibtrusive)
  • in depth understandings

weaknesses:

  • significant affect of data recording method chosen
  • the issue of consent
  • time consuming
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8
Q

archival research

A
  • the analysis of data that has already been collected by others
  • sources of data archival research data (government, universities, formal organziations)
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9
Q

content analysis

A
  • the systematic study of documents to identify themes and make inferences based on these themes
  • ex. prof’s content analysis of legal documents, newspaper documents, and on line discussions
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10
Q

strengths and weaknesses of archival research

A

strengths:

  • inexpensive
  • less time consuming
  • socio-historical analyses

weaknesses:

  • level of control over quality of info
  • difficulty creating a reliable and valid study
  • inconsistent or missing info in archives
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11
Q

experiments

A
  • high level of control
  • composed of two characteristics (independent variables that must be manipulated, and participants that must be assigned randomly)
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12
Q

lab experiment

A
  • researchers have more control

- can control the physical space

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13
Q

field experiement

A
  • less control
  • more generalizable (to the real world)
  • mitigation of reactivity (become aware of ourselves beinf studied)
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14
Q

strengths and weaknesses of lab experiments

A

strengths:

  • high level of internal validity
  • more research control

weaknesses:

  • limits to what can be studied
  • ethical concerns
  • costly
  • subject effects (interpret subtle cues as wanting a certain result) and experimenter effects (expects participants to behave in a certain way)
  • low external validity
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15
Q

ethics

A
  • protecting and respecting research participants

- ethics approval is required for any research involving human subjects

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16
Q

how can we protect participants

A
  • volunteer
  • informed consent
  • avoding harm
  • ensuring confidntiality
17
Q

sources of harm in experiments

A
  • physical
  • psychological
  • breach of confidentiality
18
Q

the stanford prison experiment

A
  • 1971
  • randomly assigned male college students to the roles of “prison guard” and “prisoner”
  • a number of ethical issues (violation of the harm principle, issues of consent
19
Q

what is socialization?

A
  • the ways in which individuals learn and re-create skills, knowledge, values, motives and roles appropriate to their positions in a group or society
  • the process by which we are taught society’s values, norms, and values
20
Q

four components of socialization

A
  • an agent (someone who is socialized)
  • a learning process
  • a target (person being socialized)
  • an outcome (what is learned)
21
Q

perspectives of socialization

A
  • developmental perspective
  • social learning perspective
  • interpretative perspective
  • impact of social structure
22
Q

nature vs nurture

A
  • combatitive notion
  • nature: genetic quality, innate, genetic
  • nurture: environmental processes/influences, learning process
23
Q

developmental perspective

A
  • emphasis on nature
  • developmental of social behaviours physical and neurological
  • many social behaviours are physical (learn to recognize when to go to the bathroom)
24
Q

social learning perspective

A
  • emphasis on nurture
  • process of learning the shared meanings of those in the child’s respective group
  • adaptive nature of socialization
25
Q

interpretive perspective

A
  • socialization occurs primarily through social interaction
  • cultural routines (reccurent and predictable activities like greeting rituals)
  • children as active agents (participation in construction of own understanding)
26
Q

impact of social structure

A
  • socialization influenced and shaped by social structure
  • socialization as a product of group life
  • we learn what to expecf of others and what others can expect of us
27
Q

agents of socialization

A

-people and groups that influence our self concepts and our understanding of society as a whole (religion, family, peers, school, mass media)

28
Q

family as agent of socialization

A
  • most important agent
  • first intro to a system of values, norms, and roles
  • attachment (proper attachment to mother/primary caregiver is necessary
29
Q

peers as agent of socialization

A
  • form relationships on their own terms (choose their own friends)
  • interactions without direct adult supervision
  • less of a power dynamic than family
30
Q

schools as agent of socialization

A
  • function of school is to socialize
  • exposure to a different set of skills and expectations
  • public evaluation and social comparison
  • learning to improve, learning about fairness, and impacts the sense of self
31
Q

mass media as agent of socialization

A
  • become more influential in recent years

- shapes our perception and our ‘scripts’

32
Q

what is a script?

A
  • a sequence of behaviours, actions, and consequences that are expected in a particular situation
  • scripts rely on our prior knowledge to help us navigte our social situations and include behaviours, roles and props
33
Q

processes of socialization

A
  • instrumental conditioning
  • observational learning
  • internalization
34
Q

instrumental conditioning

A
  • aka operant conditioning
  • a process wherein a person learns what response to make in a situation in ordee to obtain a positive reinforcement or avoid a negative reinforcement
  • entrinsic (explicitly be rewarded or punished) and intrinsic (ex. getting good grades) motivation
  • self efficacy (belief in ability to succeed)
35
Q

observational learning

A
  • aka modelling
  • children learn rituals, roles, and behaviours from watching adults
  • might not use what they have learned right away or at all
36
Q

internalization

A
  • the individual has accepted the values, norms, ideologies, and no longer requires external rewards
  • leads to self control
37
Q

gender socialization

A
  • the role of parents (gender typing child, mothers are nurturing, fathers enagage in rough and tumble)
  • parents “breaking the rules” (break the gender script)
38
Q

feral children

A
  • feral child- a child who is isolated from human contact
  • genie spent almost 12 years isolated by her father
  • became a research subject when rescued
  • emphasizes nurture

social psychology (1Z03) (22 decks)

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