chapter 13 Flashcards
anomie theory
the theory that deviant behaviour arises when people striving to achieve culturally valued goals find they do not have access to the legitimate means of attaining these goals
control theory
the theory that an individual’s tendency to engage in deviant behaviour is influenced by their ties to other persons. There are four components of such ties: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief
deterrence hypothesis
the view that the arrest and punishment of some individuals for violation of laws deters other persons from committing the same violations.
deviant behaviour
behaviour that violates the norms that apply in a given situation.
deviant subculture
a group of people whose norms encourage participation in a specific form of deviance and who regard positively those who engage in it.
differential association theory
the theory that deviant behaviour occurs when people learn definitions favorable to the behaviour through their associations with other persons
formal social controls
agencies that are given responsibility for dealing with violations of rules or laws
informal social control
the reactions of family, friends, and acquaintances to rule violations by individuals.
institutionalization of deviance
the process by which members of a group come to expect and support deviance by another member over time
labeling theory
the view that reactions of, and characterizations by, others are an essential element in deviance
learning structure
an environment in which an individual can learn the info and skills required to enact a role
legitimate means
those ways of striving to achieve goals that are defined as acceptable by social norms
opportunity structure
an environment in which an individual has opportunities to enact a role, which usually requires the assistance of those in complementary roles.
relative deprivation
a gap between the expected level and the actual level of satisfaction of the individual’s needs in which the level expected by the individual exceeds the level of need satisfaction experienced
routine activities perspective
a theory that considers how deviant behaviour, such as crime and substance abuse, emerges from the routines of everyday life
