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social psychology (1Z03) > lecture 6 slides > Flashcards

lecture 6 slides Flashcards

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1
Q

social perception

A

constructing an understanding of the social world from the data we get through our senses… the processes by which we form impressions of other people’s traits and personalities

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2
Q

attribution

A

we observe others’ behaviour and then infer backward to causes… that explain why people act as they do

  • reflective
  • what’s their motive
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3
Q

rosenham experiment

A
  • ‘on being sane in insane places’ 1973
  • pseudo-patients entering psychiatric hospitals with “schizophrenic” symptoms
  • acted normal once admitted
  • they were admitted between 7 and 52 days
  • all of them were diagnosed with schiz when they said I hear voices
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4
Q

quote from rosenham’s findings

A

-despite their public “show” of sanity, the pseudo patients were never detected. all admitted except in one case of schiz in “remission” . the evidence is strong that once labelled schiz the pseudopatient was stuck with that label.

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5
Q

what does the rosenham experiment say about social perception and attribution?

A
  • staff used their surroundings and cognitive structures to understand these people as insane
  • the staff didn’t expect to meet researchers- they expected to meet mentally ill people
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6
Q

what is a schema?

A
  • a cognitive frame work that helps us to organize and interpret info
  • our schemas don’t have to be the same but may share common characteristics
  • help us to organize and remember facts, to make inferences, and assess new info
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7
Q

categorization

A

-tendency to understand phenomena as categoruee- as part of groups- rather than unique entities

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8
Q

prototype

A
  • the most typical instance of a category
  • often made up of a set of common attributes
  • ex. drummer
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9
Q

different types of schemas

A
  • person schemas
  • self schemas
  • group schemas (stereotypes)
  • role schemas
  • event schemas (scripts)
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10
Q

person schema

A
  • individualistic

- cognitive structures that describe a personality

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11
Q

self schema

A

-characteristics we associate with ourselves and the meanings we associate with them

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12
Q

group schemas

A
  • stereotypes (tend to have negative connotations)
  • referrung to a specific group
  • tends to be more rigid and widely held (less individualistic)
  • ex. gender and race stereotypes
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13
Q

role schemas

A
  • frameworks for certain roles

- attributes and behaviours associated with teacher, doctor etc

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14
Q

event schemas

A
  • “scripts”

- guidelines for navigating an event successfully

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15
Q

why do we use schemas

A
  • help us to organize and understand our complex world
  • help us to focus on what is important
  • help us to recall more salient/relevant facts
  • help us to process info faster
  • help to guide our inferences
  • reduce ambiguity
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16
Q

disadvantages of schemas

A
  • more accepting of info that fits into current schema (ex. rosenham experiment)
  • fill in missing info that fit into pre existing schemas (can lead to innaccurate interpretations)
  • reluctant to change schemas
17
Q

implicit personality theory

A
  • the inference of co occurrnce of personality traite based on another personality trait (ex. being labelled gifted makes u also labelled smart, socially awkward)
  • halo effect (tendency to infer that a person has many positive attributed based on a few good ones they have)
  • physical attractiveness (beyonce is hot so we assume she is also smart, funny, kind)
18
Q

implications of implicit personality theory

A
  • can lead to poor judgement
  • assumptions about what someone with AIDS looks like can lead to stigma
  • can impact ideas about safe sed (someone looks clean so they cannot have HIV)
19
Q

impression formation

A
  • process of creating a coherent pic of someone based on many sources of info
  • trait centrality
  • self fulfilling prophecy
  • heuristics
20
Q

trait centrality

A
  • certain traits ranking high in our perception of a person

- impacts overall impression (also impacts how we percieve the other traits associated with the individual)

21
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A
  • when we act towards someone based on our impression of them and they reflect that impression back to us
  • they react in ways that confirm our original impression
22
Q

heuristics

A
  • a mental short cut that helps us choose that appropriate schema
  • availabilty (recently called upon schemas are more available)
  • representativeness (take a few characterisitcsband see if it represents a category) (ex. we assume white male conservatives listen to country)
23
Q

attribution theory

A
  • the process we use to infer the causes of someone’s behaviour
  • in doing so we are able to act effectively in the situation and make inferences about their future actions or behaviours
24
Q

attribution theory types

A
  • dispositional attribution (internal characteristics)
  • situational attribution (environmental factors)
  • ex. out of work due to laziness (dispositional)
  • ex. economy (situational)
25
Q

subtractive rule

A

-subtracting percieved situational forces/ attributions from the implied dispositonal attribution before inferring the strength of the dispostional attribution

26
Q

two step rule

A
  • inferences regarding personal dispositions
  • try to figure out the intentions of the person
  • try to figure out what prior dispostion would lead to this action
27
Q

covariation model of attribution

A
  • refers to multiple observations of a person in multiple situations
  • compare across situations and make casual inferences based on this info
  • what we do is we attribute behaviour of the factor that is both present when the behaviour occurs and absent when the behaviour fails to occur- the cause that covaries with the behaviours
28
Q

three types of covariance info

A
  • consistency (one act/ one person and their relationship to a situation)
  • ex. teacher always giving you a bad grade
  • consensus (many actors to one situation)
  • ex. all teachers give you a bad grade
  • distinctiveness (one actor and many situations)
  • ex. teacher gives everyone bad grades (not distinct)
29
Q

bias and error in attribution

A

-we are victims to our biases (leads to misinterpretations, can be awkward or problematic)

30
Q

fundamental attribution error

A
  • “the tendency to overestimate the importance of personal (dispositonal) factors and underestimate the situational influences
  • ignoring the subtractive rule
31
Q

focus of attention bias

A

-focusing on certain aspects of the person or situation, we may ignore other influencing factors

32
Q

actor observer difference

A

-observer attributed behaviour of actor to internak attributed, whereas, actor attributes their behaviour to the external situation

social psychology (1Z03) (22 decks)

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