chapter 12

Question 1

affective aggression

Answer 1

aggression resulting from aversive affect (negative emotion that people seek to reduce or eliminate ) more common among persons who believe that acting aggressively will make them feel better

Question 2

aggravated assault

Answer 2

an attack by one person on another with the intent of causing bodily injury

Question 3

aggression

Answer 3

behaviour that is intended to harm another person and that the other wants to avoid

Question 4

aggressive pornography

Answer 4

explicit depiction- in film, video, photograph, or story- of a sexual activity in which force is threatens or used to coerce a person to engage in sex

Question 5

aversive affect

Answer 5

negative emotion that people seek to reduce or eliminate

Question 6

catharsis

Answer 6

the reduction of aggressive arousal by means of performing aggressive acts. The catharsis hypothesis states that we can purge ourselves of hostile emotions by intensely experiencing these emotions while performing aggression

Question 7

displaced aggression

Answer 7

aggression toward a target that exceeds what is justified by provocation by that target. Often occurs because aggression instigated by a different source is displaced onto a less powerful or more available target who had no responsibility for the negative response

Question 8

frustration

Answer 8

the blocking of a goal directed activity. according to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration leads to aggression

Question 9

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 9

the hypothesis that every frustration leads to some form of aggression and every aggressive act is due to some prior frustration

Question 10

imitation

Answer 10

a process of learning in which the learner watches another person’s response and observes whether that person receives reinforcement

Question 11

instinct

Answer 11

an innate behaviour that seems to emerge even without socialization or training

Question 12

non aggressive pornography

Answer 12

explicit depictions- in film, video, photograph, or story- of adults engaging in consenting sexual activity

Question 13

reinforcement

Answer 13

any favourable outcome or consequence that results from a behavioural response by a person. reinforcement strengthens the response- that is, it increases the probability it will be repeated

Question 14

rumination

Answer 14

self focused attention toward one’s distress and the possible causes and consequences of the distress rather than ways to overcome it

Question 15

sexual assault

Answer 15

sexual touching or intercourse without consent, accomplished by coercion, manipulation, or either the threat or use of force. the greater the force used or the resulting injury, the more severe the assault.

Question 16

social learning theory

Answer 16

a theoretical perspective maintaining that one person (the learner) can acquire new responses without enacting them simply by observing the behaviour of another person (the model). this learning process, called imitation, is distinguished by the fact that the learner neither performs a response nor revives any reinforcement

Question 17

target

Answer 17

in social influence, the person who is affected by a social influence attempt from the source. in aggression, the person toward whom an aggressive act is directed.

Question 18

victim-blame

Answer 18

when responsibility for a sexual assault is placed on the victim rather than the perpetrator

Question 19

weapons-effect

Answer 19

a cognitive priming effect, when the sight of a weapon makes more accessible or primes aggression-related concepts or scripts for behaviour