chapter 3 Flashcards
attachment
a warm, close relationship with an adult who provides an infant with a sense of security and stimulation
birth cohort
a group of people who were born during the same period of one or several years and who are, therefore, all exposed to particular historical events at approximately the same age
borderwork
interaction across gender boundaries that is based on and strengthens such boundaries
career
a sequence of roles- each role with its own set of activites- that a person enacts during their lifetime. People’s most important careers are in the domains of family and friends, education, and work
content analysis
a research method that involves a systematic scrutiny of documents or messages to identify specific characteristics and then making inferences based on their occurence
cultural routines
recurrent and predictable activities that are basic day to day social life
dependent variable
in an experiment, the variable that is measured to determine whether it is affected by the manipulation of one or more other variables (independent variables)
experiment
a research method used to investigate cause and effecr relations between one variable (the independent variable) and another (the dependent variable). In an experiment, the investigator manipulates the independent variable, randomlt assigns participants to various levels of that variable, and measures the dependent variable
external validity
the extent to which it is possible to generalize the results of one study to orher populations, settings, or times
extrinsically motivated behaviour
a behaviour that results from the motivation to obtain a reward (food, praise) or avoid a punishment (spanking, criticism) controlled by someone else.
field study
an investigation that involves the collection of data about ongoing activity in everyday settings
gender roles
the behavioural expectations associated with gender
independent variable
in an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the investigator to study the effects on one or more other (dependent variables)
informed consent
voluntary consent by an individual to participate in a research project based on info recieved abour what their participation will entail
instrumental conditioning
the process through which an individual learns a behaviour in response to a stimulus to obtain a reeard or avoid a punishment
internal validity
the extent to which research findings are free from contamination by extraneous variables
internalization
the process through which initially external behaviour standards become internal and subsequently guide an individual’s behaviour
intrinsically motivated behaviour
a behaviour that results from the motivation to achieve an internal state that an individual finds rewarding
life course
an individual’s progression through a series of socially defined, age-linked social roles
life event
an episode marking a transition point in the life course that provokes coping and readjustments
moral development
the process through which a child becomes capable of making moral judgements
norm
in groups, a standard or rule that specifies how members are expected to behave under given circumstances; expectations concerning which behaviours are acceptable and which are unacceptable for specific persons in specific situations
normative life stage
a discrete period in the life course during which individuals are expected to perform the set of activities associated with a distinct age related role
normative transition
socially expected changes made by all or most members of a defined population
observational learning
the acquisition of behaviour based on the observation of another person’s behaviouf and of its consequences for that person. Also known as modeling
punishment
a painful or discomforting stimulus that reduced the frequency with which the target behaviour occurs
reinforcement theory
a theoretical perspective based on the premise that social behaviour is governed by external events, especially rewards and punishments
role identities
individuals’ concept of self in specific social roles
self reinforcement
an individual’s use of internalized standards to judge their own behaviour and reward the self
shaping
the learning process in which an agent initially reinforces any behaviour that remotely resembles the desired response and subsequently requires increasing correspondence between the learner’s behaviour and the desired response before providing reinforcement
socialization
the process through which indivoduals learn skills, knowledge, values, motives, and roles appropriate to their positions in a group or society
stress
the condition in which the demands made on the person exceed the individual’s ability to cope with them
perspectives on socialization
- emphasizes biological development
- emphasizes learning and acquiring skills from other persons
- emphasizes the child’s participation of cultural routines as they participate in and recreate them
- emphasizes the influence of social structure
