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human structure and function > week 1- organelles and primary tissues > Flashcards

week 1- organelles and primary tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what do all cells have?

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
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2
Q

what does the cytoplasm contain?

A

cellular organelles, dissolved proteins and nutrients

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3
Q

what is the cytoplasm composed of?

A

cytosol or intracellular fluid

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4
Q

what does the nucleus store?

A

DNA

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5
Q

what does DNA contain?

A

instructions for the cell in particular protein synthesis

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6
Q

what are ribosomes the site of?

A

protein synthesis

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7
Q

what is the function of free ribosomes?

A

float in cytosol they produce proteins for use inside the cell

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8
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

interconnected tubes continuous with the nuclear envelop

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9
Q

what are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • synthesis
  • storage
  • transport
  • detoxification
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10
Q

what happens to proteins produced by ribosomes on the RER?

A

are packaged and exported out of the cell

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11
Q

are ribosomes attached to the Smooth ER?

A

no

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12
Q

what is the smooth er responsible for?

A
  • synthesis of lipids, cholesterol and steroid based hormones
  • detoxification
  • storage of calcium ions
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13
Q

what does the golgi apparatus consist of?

A

stacks of flattened sacs

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14
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

modify, concentrate and package proteins/lipids

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15
Q

what are the steps taken by the golgi apparatus after vesicles are formed in order to export?

A

forms vesicles and distributes them:

  1. within the cell
  2. move and become inserted in membrane
  3. move to membrane for the content to be exported out of cell by exocytosis
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16
Q

where are enzymes in the mitochondria found?

A

surface of inner membrane

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17
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

cellular respiration, which releases energy for cellular functions in form of ATP

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18
Q

what enzymes does lysosomes contain?

A

lysosomal enzymes

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19
Q

what are the functions of lysosomes?

A
  • digest biological material including cell debris
  • dispose of invading bacteria
  • recycle material that has been broken down
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20
Q

what are the 3 types of cytoskeleton?

A
  • microfilament
  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
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21
Q

what is microfilaments?

A

thinnest of cytoskeleton, made up of a protein called actin that contracts of cell movement

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22
Q

what is intermediate filaments?

A

located in between the other 2 types and involved in resisting the pulling forces on the cell

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23
Q

what is microtubules?

A

largest of cytoskeleton. Maintains cell shape and distribution of cellular organelles

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24
Q

what are two types of cellular extensions?

A
  • flagellum

- microvilli

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25
Q

what is flagellum?

A

a single, long tail found on bacteria and sperm, it whips back and forth to move sperm along

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26
Q

what is microvilli?

A

minute fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane that projects from cell surface

27
Q

what is the function on microvilli?

A

increase surface area of cell

28
Q

what is muscle tissue composed of?

A

muscle cells that contain contractile microfilaments

29
Q

what are the three types of muscle?

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
30
Q

what is skeletal muscle?

A

is voluntary

31
Q

what is cardiac muscle?

A

is involuntary and found in heart

32
Q

what is smooth muscle?

A

involuntary and found in blood vessels, gut, bladder and uterus

33
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

a sheet of cells that can: cover body, line internal organs and form glands. Anything exposed to external enviro is covered to form boundaries

34
Q

is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

35
Q

what are some structural adaptions of epithelial tissue?

A

cilia and microvilli

36
Q

what is cilia?

A

hairlike extensions to propel substances

37
Q

what is microvilli?

A

fingerlike extensions to increase surface area

38
Q

a single layer of epithelial tissue is classified as?

A

simple

39
Q

multiple layers of epithelial tissue is classified as?

A

stratified

40
Q

what is the function of simple epithelial cells?

A

absorption, secretion, filtration

41
Q

what is the function of stratified epithelial cells?

A

protection

42
Q

what are the types of epithelial cell shapes?

A

cuboid, squamous, columnar

43
Q

what are some functions of epithelial tissue?

A

protection, absorption, excretion, secretion

44
Q

what are the four classes on connective tissue?

A
  • CT proper, loose and dense
  • cartilage
  • bone tissue
  • blood
45
Q

what are characteristics of all connective tissue?

A
  • specialised cells
  • ground substance
  • extracellular protein fibres
46
Q

what is ground substance?

A

unstructured material that fills space between cells and contains fibres

47
Q

what are types of extracellular fibres in the extracellular matrix?

A

collagen, elastic and reticular fibres

48
Q

what does connective tissue proper contain?

A

fibroblasts and fibrocytes

49
Q

what is loose connective tissue characterised by?

A

by loose arrangements of fibres and large amounts of ground substance

50
Q

what is dense connective tissue characterised by?

A

by closely packed bundles of fibres with little ground substances and poorly vascularised

51
Q

what are the functions of connective tissue proper?

A

support, binding, storage and insulation

52
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

53
Q

what does cartilage contain?

A

chondroblasts and chondrocytes

54
Q

does cartilage lack nerve fibres?

A

yes

55
Q

is cartilage vascular?

A

no it is avascular

56
Q

what are the functions of cartilage?

A

support and absorb compression

57
Q

what does bone consist of?

A

abundant collagen fibres

58
Q

what does bone contain?

A

osteoblasts

59
Q

what do osteoblasts produce?

A

organic portion of matrix

60
Q

does bone contain vessels and nerve fibres?

A

yes

61
Q

what is the function of bone?

A

support, protection and storage

62
Q

what does blood contain?

A

erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC) and platelets

63
Q

what is the function of blood?

A

transport substances

human structure and function (21 decks)

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