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human structure and function > fluid and electrolytes > Flashcards

fluid and electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

how much does adult water account for in bodyweight?

A

60% for males and 50% for females

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2
Q

what percentage of water is an infant composed of?

A

75%

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3
Q

what are the two main fluid compartments?

A

intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

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4
Q

what percentage of water does extracellular fluid account for?

A

40%

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5
Q

what percentage of water does intracellular fluid account for?

A

60%

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6
Q

what percentage of body water is in the plasma?

A

8%

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7
Q

what percentage of body water is in the interstitial fluid?

A

32%

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8
Q

what percentage of body water is in the cytosol?

A

60%

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9
Q

what is the major cation of the ECF?

A

Na+

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10
Q

what is the major cation of the ICF?

A

K+

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11
Q

what is the major anion of the ECF?

A

Cl-

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12
Q

what is the major anion of the ICF?

A

HPO42-

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13
Q

what two tasks are involved to maintain fluid homeostasis?

A
  • maintaining water balance within cells

- maintaining water balance in plasma

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14
Q

what is maintained between narrow limits in the ECF composition?

A
  • water balance
  • water intake= output
  • must maintain solute concentration
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15
Q

what are the percentages of water input sources?

A
  • 60% fluids (approx 1500ml)
  • 30% food (approx 750ml)
  • plus 10% from cellular metabolism
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16
Q

what are changes in osmolarity detected by?

A

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

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17
Q

what organ primarily controls fluid and electrolyte homeostasis?

A

kidneys

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18
Q

where is the thirst centre located?

A

hypothalamus

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19
Q

what is the hypothalamic thirst centre stimulated by?

A
  • 1-2% change in osmolarity

- 5-10% change in plasma volume

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20
Q

what are feedback mechanisms that inhibit thirst?

A
  • moistening of mucosa
  • stretch receptors of stomach and intestine
  • decrease in osmolarity
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21
Q

what does ADH inhibit?

A

diuresis

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22
Q

what does ADH work to do?

A

maintains electrolyte balance of ECF by conservation of water at kidneys decreasing urine output

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23
Q

where is ADH made, stored, and released from?

A

posterior pituitary

24
Q

where is aldosterone synthesised and secreted by?

A

adrenal cortex

25
Q

what is aldosterone stimulated by?

A

angiotensin II plus elevated K+ in ECF

26
Q

what is dehydration?

A

when water output exceeds water intake

27
Q

what can losses in ECF be due to?

A
  • severe burns
  • severe vomiting and diarrhea
  • profuse sweating
  • low water intake
  • haemorrhage
28
Q

where is water lost from dehydration?

A

from ECF

29
Q

what happens to cells during dehydration?

A

dehydrate and crenate

30
Q

what does dehydration result in?

A

hypernatremia (high Na+ in ECF)

31
Q

what are the early signs of dehydration?

A
  • increased thirst
  • dry mucous membrane
  • dry flushed skin
32
Q

what occurs if dehydration is prolonged?

A
  • confusion, disorientation
  • hypovolaemia
  • hypovolaemic shock (esp. hemorrhaging)
33
Q

what is hormonal systems are activated by decreased blood volume and pressure?

A
  • RAAS
  • aldosterone secretion
  • ADH secretion
  • sympathetic NS
34
Q

what is hypotonic hydration?

A

when water intake exceeds water output

35
Q

when does hypotonic hydration occur?

A

renal insufficiency and rapid excess water ingestion

36
Q

what does hypotonic hydration result in?

A

hyponatremia (low Na+ in ECF)

37
Q

what happens to cells during hypotonic hydration?

A

cells swell and lysis is possible

38
Q

what is oedema?

A

an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

39
Q

what is caused by?

A
  • increases in capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • increases in capillary permeability
  • decreases in colloid osmotic pressure
40
Q

what is lymphoedema?

A

accumulation of ISF due to surgically removed or blocked lymph glands

41
Q

what is pH regulated by?

A
  • chemical buffer system
  • respiratory regulation
  • renal mechanism
42
Q

what is the slowest of the pH regulators?

A

renal takes hours or days but is the most potent

43
Q

what is a chemical buffer?

A

a substance that minimises changes in pH by binding or releasing free H+ ions

44
Q

what are the three main chemical buffer systems?

A
  • carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion
  • phosphate buffer
  • protein buffer
45
Q

if pH drops does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system bind or release H+?

A

bind

46
Q

if pH rises does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system bind or release H+?

A

releases

47
Q

does the respiratory regulator of pH have more or less capacity than the chemical buffering system?

A

more

48
Q

what do the kidneys work to do during renal mechanism of pH?

A
  • remove acids produced by metabolic reactions in the body

- conserve or renew acids when needed

49
Q

what is the renal mechanism able to do?

A
  • conserve HCO3- and generate new HCO3-

- excrete HCO3-

50
Q

will HCO3- be reabsorbed or secreted if pH drops?

A

reabsorbed

51
Q

will HCO3- be reabsorbed or secreted if pH increases?

A

secreted

52
Q

will H+ be absorbed or secreted if pH drops?

A

secreted

53
Q

will H+ be absorbed or secreted if pH increases?

A

absorbed

54
Q

what is the absolute limit of blood pH?

A

6.8-7.8 (ideally 7.4)

55
Q

when does respiratory acidosis occur?

A

when hypoventilation causes retention of CO2 leads to carbonic acid excess and a decrease in pH

56
Q

when does metabolic acidosis occur?

A

with an excess of fixed acids in the body leads to a decrease in pH

human structure and function (21 decks)

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