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human structure and function > the brain > Flashcards

the brain Flashcards

1
Q

what is the brain composed of?

A

interneurons and neuroglia

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2
Q

what do interneurons and neuroglia organise into within the brain?

A

areas of gray and white matter

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3
Q

what does gray matter contain?

A
  • neuroglia

- cell bodies of interneurons organised into nuclei

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4
Q

what does white matter contain?

A
  • neuroglia

- myelinated axons of interneurons organised into tracts

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5
Q

what are the major parts of the brain?

A
  • cerebellum
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • brain stem
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6
Q

what areas are part of the diencephalon?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
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7
Q

what areas are part of the brain stem?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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8
Q

what is the largest part of the brain?

A

cerebrum

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9
Q

how are the two cerebral hemispheres divided?

A

by the longitudinal fissure (deep grove)

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10
Q

how is the cerebrum separated from the cerebellum?

A

transverse fissure

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11
Q

what is a ridge on the convoluted surface of the brain called?

A

gyrus/gyri

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12
Q

what are the shallow grooves on the convoluted surface of the brain called?

A

sulcus/sulci

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13
Q

why is the entire surface of the brain convolutes?

A

increases surface area= more neurons

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14
Q

what are the five lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
  • insula
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15
Q

what three regions is the cerebral hemisphere divided into internally?

A
  • cerebral cortex (gray matter)
  • cerebral white matter
  • basal nuclei
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16
Q

what are the three main functional areas of each cerebral cortex?

A
  • motor areas
  • sensory areas
  • association areas
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17
Q

what do the motor areas of each cerebral cortex control?

A

control voluntary skeletal muscle movements

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18
Q

what do the sensory areas of each cerebral cortex control?

A
  • receive and localise sensory input

- allows sensation perception

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19
Q

what do the association areas of each cerebral cortex control?

A
  • interpret incoming input to make sense of

- coordinate intellectual function, store memories and determine behaviour/personality

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20
Q

what lobe are motor areas of the cerebral hemispheres located in?

A

frontal lobe

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21
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located in the cerebrum?

A

precentral gyrus of each frontal lobe

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22
Q

what does the primary motor cortex generate?

A

somatic motor output for voluntary skeletal muscle movement

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23
Q

what does damage to the primary motor cortex result in?

A

paralysis

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24
Q

what do motor association areas plan and coordinate?

A

voluntary motor activities

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25
Q

what does the motor association areas act via?

A

primary motor cortex

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26
Q

what do the motor association areas include?

A
  • frontal eye field
  • Broca’s area
  • premotor cortex
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27
Q

what does the frontal eye field control of the motor association areas?

A

voluntary eye movements

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28
Q

what does the Broca’s area control of the motor association areas?

A

muscles involved in speech production

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29
Q

what does the premotor cortex control of the motor association areas?

A

controls learned, skilled motor activities of complex nature

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30
Q

what does damage to the premotor cortex result in?

A

loss of complex motor skills

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31
Q

what lobes are the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex located in?

A
  • insula
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
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32
Q

how do the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex allow sensations to be perceived?

A
  • general sensory receptors

- special sensory receptors

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33
Q

what are general sensory receptors responsible for?

A

pain, temp, touch, vibration, pressure and proprioception

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34
Q

what are special sensory receptors responsible for?

A

vision, smell, taste, hearing and balance

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35
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located within the cerebrum?

A

in the postcentral gyrus of each pariental lobe

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36
Q

what does the primary somatosensory cortex receive?

A

general sensory info

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37
Q

what does the primary somatosensory cortex perceive sensations of?

A

touch, pain, vibration, pressure, temp and proprioception

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38
Q

what does the primary somatosensory cortex locate?

A

the origin of the stimulus (sensory input)

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39
Q

what does the somatosensory association area receive?

A

general sensory input from the primary somatosensory cortex

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40
Q

what do the somatosensory association areas interpret?

A

incoming general sensory input and compares to stored memories

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41
Q

what does damage to the visual cortex result in?

A

functional blindness

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42
Q

what are the visual areas of the special sensory areas?

A
  • visual cortex

- visual association area

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43
Q

what does the visual cortex of the special sensory areas receive?

A

visual input detected by photoreceptors

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44
Q

what does the visual association areas of the special sensory areas interpret?

A

interprets visual input, allows us to recognise what we see and stores memories of past images

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45
Q

what are the auditory areas of special sensory areas?

A
  • auditory cortex

- auditory association area

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46
Q

where is the olfactory cortex of the special sensory areas located?

A

temporal lobe

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47
Q

what does the olfactory cortex of the special sensory areas perceive?

A

different odours

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48
Q

where is the gustatory cortex of the special sensory areas located?

A

insula

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49
Q

what does the gustatory cortex of the special sensory areas perceive?

A

taste sensations

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50
Q

where is the visceral cortex of the special sensory areas located?

A

insula

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51
Q

where is the vestibular cortex of the special sensory areas located?

A

insula

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52
Q

what does the visceral cortex of the special sensory areas perceive?

A

visceral sensations eg. upset stomach

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53
Q

what does the vestibular cortex of the special sensory areas perceive?

A

awareness of balance

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54
Q

what does Wernicke’s area of the cerebrum invlove?

A

language comprehension allows us to understand written and spoken language

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55
Q

where is the Wernicke’s area of the cereberum located?

A

left temporal lobe of the left hemisphere only

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56
Q

where is the prefrontal cortex of the cerebrum located?

A

located in each frontal lobe

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57
Q

what is the responsibility of the prefrontal cortex?

A

our intelligence (cognition), personality and behaviour

58
Q

what does the damage to the prefrontal cortex result in?

A

personality disorders

59
Q

what is cerebral white matter composed of?

A

myelinated axons organised into three types of tracts

60
Q

what are the three types of tracts of cerebral white matter called?

A
  • commissural tracts
  • association tracts
  • projection tracts
61
Q

what are commissural tracts conducting?

A

conducting between the two cerebral hemispheres

62
Q

what are association tracts conducting?

A

info between cortical areas in the same hemisphere

63
Q

what are projection tracts conducting?

A

info between the cerebral cortex and lower parts of the CNS

64
Q

what is the cerebral basal nuclei?

A

islands of gray matter deep within white matter

65
Q

what is the main function of white matter?

A

communication within the CNS

66
Q

what is the main function of the basal nuclei?

A

facilitates smooth skeletal movements

67
Q

what is the second largest part of the brain?

A

cerebellum

68
Q

what is the inner region of white matter within the cerebellum called?

A

arbor vitae

69
Q

what is the outer cortex of gray matter of the cerebellum called?

A

cerebellar cortex

70
Q

what does the cerebellum ensure?

A

smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements and maintains posture and balance

71
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

relays sensory input to the correct cerebral destination

72
Q

what does the hypothalamus control?

A

activities of the autonomic nervous system

73
Q

what does the hypothalamus regulate?

A
  • emotions
  • body temp
  • hunger and thirst
  • sleep/wake cycles
  • produce hormones
74
Q

what does the epithalamus include?

A

pineal gland

75
Q

what does the pineal gland produce?

A

melatonin which induces sleep

76
Q

what does the limbic system control?

A

emotions

77
Q

what does the hippocampus as a part of the limbic system convert?

A

short-term memories to long-term

78
Q

white matter within the brain stem is composed of?

A

axon tracts

79
Q

what do axon tracts within the brain stem conduct?

A

sensory and motor info through brain stem

80
Q

what does gray matter within. the brain stem contain?

A

nuclei

81
Q

what are some of the nuclei in the brain stem associated with?

A

the ten cranial nerves that arise from the brain stem

82
Q

what cranial nerve nuclei control eye movement in the midbrain?

A

CN |||- |V

83
Q

what cranial nerve nuclei involves taste, chewing, eye movements, hearing, balance and facial sensation/expression?

A

CN V-V|||

84
Q

what cranial nerve nuclei is involved in swallowing, tongue movements. and digestive functions?

A

CN |X, X and X||

85
Q

what system does the reticular formation contain?

A

the reticular activating system

86
Q

what does the reticular activating system maintain?

A

consciousness

87
Q

what does damage to the reticular activating system result in?

A

coma

88
Q

what are brain disorders?

A
  • traumatic brain injuries
  • stroke
  • transient ischaemic attacks
  • alzhiemer’s disease
  • parkinson’s disease
89
Q

-where do head injuries damage the brain?

A

at injury site and on opposite side as brain hits skull

90
Q

what is a concussion?

A

mild brain injury with short-lived effects

91
Q

what are some symptoms of concussion?

A

headache, dizziness, temporary loss of consciousness

92
Q

what is contusion?

A

bruising of the brain, may cause permanent neurological damage and result in a coma

93
Q

what is the most common nervous system disorder?

A

stroke

94
Q

how does a stroke occur?

A

blood flow to the brain is reduced or blocked (ischaemia) and neurons die

95
Q

what are the causes of strokes?

A
  • blood clot in cerebral artery

- ruptured blood vessel

96
Q

what results after there is a blood clot in the cerebral artery?

A

ischaemic stroke (most common)

97
Q

what results if there is a ruptured blood vessel in the brain?

A

hemorrhagic stroke

98
Q

what are common stroke symptoms?

A
  • headache
  • muscle weakness/paralysis (usually face/arm)
  • loss of vision/blurred
  • difficulty speaking/understanding
99
Q

how long can symptoms of a stroke last?

A

24hrs-life

100
Q

how does a Transient Ischaemic Attack occur?

A

blood flow to the brain area is temporarily reduced or blocked but no neurons die

101
Q

what are the symptoms of a Transient Ischaemic Attack?

A

as per stroke but usually last 5-10mins, warning of an impending stroke

102
Q

what is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

progressive degenerative disease that causes death of neurons and therefore shrinkage of the brain. Particularly affects hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

103
Q

what are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s?

A
  • memory loss (especially short-term)
  • confusion
  • personality changes
104
Q

what is Parkinson’s?

A

progressive degenerative disease of dopamine-releasing neurons of the substania nigra

105
Q

what are the symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A
  • persistent tremors at rest
  • shuffling walk
  • difficulty swallowing
  • stiff facial expressions
106
Q

what is CN I?

A

olfactory

107
Q

what is the function of the olfactory cranial nerve?

A

smell

108
Q

what is CN II?

A

optic

109
Q

what is CN III?

A

occulomotor

110
Q

what is CN IV?

A

most eye movements

111
Q

what is CN V?

A

trigeminal

112
Q

what is CN VI?

A

abducens

113
Q

what is CN VII?

A

facial

114
Q

what is CN VIII?

A

vestibulocochlear

115
Q

what is CN IX?

A

glossopharyngeal

116
Q

what is CN X?

A

vagus

117
Q

what is CN XI?

A

accessory

118
Q

what is CN XII?

A

hypoglossal

119
Q

what is the function of the cranial optic nerve?

A

vision

120
Q

what is the function of the cranial occulomotor nerve?

A

most eye movements

121
Q

what is the function of the cranial trochlear nerve?

A

moves eye

122
Q

what is the function of the cranial trigeminal nerve?

A

face sensation, mastication

123
Q

what is the function of the cranial abducens nerve?

A

abducts the eye

124
Q

what is the function of the cranial facial nerve?

A

facial expression, taste

125
Q

what is the function of the cranial vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

hearing and balance

126
Q

what is the function of the cranial glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

taste, gag reflex

127
Q

what is the function of the cranial vagus nerve?

A

gag reflex, parasympathetic innervation

128
Q

what is the function of the cranial accessory nerve?

A

shoulder shrug

129
Q

what is the function of the cranial hypoglossal nerve?

A

swallowing, speech

130
Q

is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the olfactory cranial nerve?

A

sensory

131
Q

is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the optic cranial nerve?

A

sensory

132
Q

is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the occulomotor cranial nerve?

A

motor

133
Q

is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the trochlear cranial nerve?

A

motor

134
Q

is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the trigeminal cranial nerve?

A

both

135
Q

is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the abducens cranial nerve?

A

motor

136
Q

is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the facial cranial nerve?

A

both

137
Q

is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the vestibulocochlear cranial nerve?

A

sensory

138
Q

is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve?

A

both

139
Q

is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the vagus cranial nerve?

A

both

140
Q

is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the accessory cranial nerve?

A

motor

141
Q

is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the hypoglossal cranial nerve?

A

motor

human structure and function (21 decks)

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