the brain Flashcards
1
Q
what is the brain composed of?
A
interneurons and neuroglia
2
Q
what do interneurons and neuroglia organise into within the brain?
A
areas of gray and white matter
3
Q
what does gray matter contain?
A
- neuroglia
- cell bodies of interneurons organised into nuclei
4
Q
what does white matter contain?
A
- neuroglia
- myelinated axons of interneurons organised into tracts
5
Q
what are the major parts of the brain?
A
- cerebellum
- cerebrum
- diencephalon
- brain stem
6
Q
what areas are part of the diencephalon?
A
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
7
Q
what areas are part of the brain stem?
A
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
8
Q
what is the largest part of the brain?
A
cerebrum
9
Q
how are the two cerebral hemispheres divided?
A
by the longitudinal fissure (deep grove)
10
Q
how is the cerebrum separated from the cerebellum?
A
transverse fissure
11
Q
what is a ridge on the convoluted surface of the brain called?
A
gyrus/gyri
12
Q
what are the shallow grooves on the convoluted surface of the brain called?
A
sulcus/sulci
13
Q
why is the entire surface of the brain convolutes?
A
increases surface area= more neurons
14
Q
what are the five lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?
A
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
- insula
15
Q
what three regions is the cerebral hemisphere divided into internally?
A
- cerebral cortex (gray matter)
- cerebral white matter
- basal nuclei
16
Q
what are the three main functional areas of each cerebral cortex?
A
- motor areas
- sensory areas
- association areas
17
Q
what do the motor areas of each cerebral cortex control?
A
control voluntary skeletal muscle movements
18
Q
what do the sensory areas of each cerebral cortex control?
A
- receive and localise sensory input
- allows sensation perception
19
Q
what do the association areas of each cerebral cortex control?
A
- interpret incoming input to make sense of
- coordinate intellectual function, store memories and determine behaviour/personality
20
Q
what lobe are motor areas of the cerebral hemispheres located in?
A
frontal lobe
21
Q
where is the primary motor cortex located in the cerebrum?
A
precentral gyrus of each frontal lobe
22
Q
what does the primary motor cortex generate?
A
somatic motor output for voluntary skeletal muscle movement
23
Q
what does damage to the primary motor cortex result in?
A
paralysis
24
Q
what do motor association areas plan and coordinate?
A
voluntary motor activities
25
what does the motor association areas act via?
primary motor cortex
26
what do the motor association areas include?
- frontal eye field
- Broca's area
- premotor cortex
27
what does the frontal eye field control of the motor association areas?
voluntary eye movements
28
what does the Broca's area control of the motor association areas?
muscles involved in speech production
29
what does the premotor cortex control of the motor association areas?
controls learned, skilled motor activities of complex nature
30
what does damage to the premotor cortex result in?
loss of complex motor skills
31
what lobes are the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex located in?
- insula
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
32
how do the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex allow sensations to be perceived?
- general sensory receptors
| - special sensory receptors
33
what are general sensory receptors responsible for?
pain, temp, touch, vibration, pressure and proprioception
34
what are special sensory receptors responsible for?
vision, smell, taste, hearing and balance
35
where is the primary somatosensory cortex located within the cerebrum?
in the postcentral gyrus of each pariental lobe
36
what does the primary somatosensory cortex receive?
general sensory info
37
what does the primary somatosensory cortex perceive sensations of?
touch, pain, vibration, pressure, temp and proprioception
38
what does the primary somatosensory cortex locate?
the origin of the stimulus (sensory input)
39
what does the somatosensory association area receive?
general sensory input from the primary somatosensory cortex
40
what do the somatosensory association areas interpret?
incoming general sensory input and compares to stored memories
41
what does damage to the visual cortex result in?
functional blindness
42
what are the visual areas of the special sensory areas?
- visual cortex
| - visual association area
43
what does the visual cortex of the special sensory areas receive?
visual input detected by photoreceptors
44
what does the visual association areas of the special sensory areas interpret?
interprets visual input, allows us to recognise what we see and stores memories of past images
45
what are the auditory areas of special sensory areas?
- auditory cortex
| - auditory association area
46
where is the olfactory cortex of the special sensory areas located?
temporal lobe
47
what does the olfactory cortex of the special sensory areas perceive?
different odours
48
where is the gustatory cortex of the special sensory areas located?
insula
49
what does the gustatory cortex of the special sensory areas perceive?
taste sensations
50
where is the visceral cortex of the special sensory areas located?
insula
51
where is the vestibular cortex of the special sensory areas located?
insula
52
what does the visceral cortex of the special sensory areas perceive?
visceral sensations eg. upset stomach
53
what does the vestibular cortex of the special sensory areas perceive?
awareness of balance
54
what does Wernicke's area of the cerebrum invlove?
language comprehension allows us to understand written and spoken language
55
where is the Wernicke's area of the cereberum located?
left temporal lobe of the left hemisphere only
56
where is the prefrontal cortex of the cerebrum located?
located in each frontal lobe
57
what is the responsibility of the prefrontal cortex?
our intelligence (cognition), personality and behaviour
58
what does the damage to the prefrontal cortex result in?
personality disorders
59
what is cerebral white matter composed of?
myelinated axons organised into three types of tracts
60
what are the three types of tracts of cerebral white matter called?
- commissural tracts
- association tracts
- projection tracts
61
what are commissural tracts conducting?
conducting between the two cerebral hemispheres
62
what are association tracts conducting?
info between cortical areas in the same hemisphere
63
what are projection tracts conducting?
info between the cerebral cortex and lower parts of the CNS
64
what is the cerebral basal nuclei?
islands of gray matter deep within white matter
65
what is the main function of white matter?
communication within the CNS
66
what is the main function of the basal nuclei?
facilitates smooth skeletal movements
67
what is the second largest part of the brain?
cerebellum
68
what is the inner region of white matter within the cerebellum called?
arbor vitae
69
what is the outer cortex of gray matter of the cerebellum called?
cerebellar cortex
70
what does the cerebellum ensure?
smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements and maintains posture and balance
71
what does the thalamus do?
relays sensory input to the correct cerebral destination
72
what does the hypothalamus control?
activities of the autonomic nervous system
73
what does the hypothalamus regulate?
- emotions
- body temp
- hunger and thirst
- sleep/wake cycles
- produce hormones
74
what does the epithalamus include?
pineal gland
75
what does the pineal gland produce?
melatonin which induces sleep
76
what does the limbic system control?
emotions
77
what does the hippocampus as a part of the limbic system convert?
short-term memories to long-term
78
white matter within the brain stem is composed of?
axon tracts
79
what do axon tracts within the brain stem conduct?
sensory and motor info through brain stem
80
what does gray matter within. the brain stem contain?
nuclei
81
what are some of the nuclei in the brain stem associated with?
the ten cranial nerves that arise from the brain stem
82
what cranial nerve nuclei control eye movement in the midbrain?
CN |||- |V
83
what cranial nerve nuclei involves taste, chewing, eye movements, hearing, balance and facial sensation/expression?
CN V-V|||
84
what cranial nerve nuclei is involved in swallowing, tongue movements. and digestive functions?
CN |X, X and X||
85
what system does the reticular formation contain?
the reticular activating system
86
what does the reticular activating system maintain?
consciousness
87
what does damage to the reticular activating system result in?
coma
88
what are brain disorders?
- traumatic brain injuries
- stroke
- transient ischaemic attacks
- alzhiemer's disease
- parkinson's disease
89
-where do head injuries damage the brain?
at injury site and on opposite side as brain hits skull
90
what is a concussion?
mild brain injury with short-lived effects
91
what are some symptoms of concussion?
headache, dizziness, temporary loss of consciousness
92
what is contusion?
bruising of the brain, may cause permanent neurological damage and result in a coma
93
what is the most common nervous system disorder?
stroke
94
how does a stroke occur?
blood flow to the brain is reduced or blocked (ischaemia) and neurons die
95
what are the causes of strokes?
- blood clot in cerebral artery
| - ruptured blood vessel
96
what results after there is a blood clot in the cerebral artery?
ischaemic stroke (most common)
97
what results if there is a ruptured blood vessel in the brain?
hemorrhagic stroke
98
what are common stroke symptoms?
- headache
- muscle weakness/paralysis (usually face/arm)
- loss of vision/blurred
- difficulty speaking/understanding
99
how long can symptoms of a stroke last?
24hrs-life
100
how does a Transient Ischaemic Attack occur?
blood flow to the brain area is temporarily reduced or blocked but no neurons die
101
what are the symptoms of a Transient Ischaemic Attack?
as per stroke but usually last 5-10mins, warning of an impending stroke
102
what is Alzheimer's disease?
progressive degenerative disease that causes death of neurons and therefore shrinkage of the brain. Particularly affects hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
103
what are the symptoms of Alzheimer's?
- memory loss (especially short-term)
- confusion
- personality changes
104
what is Parkinson's?
progressive degenerative disease of dopamine-releasing neurons of the substania nigra
105
what are the symptoms of Parkinson's?
- persistent tremors at rest
- shuffling walk
- difficulty swallowing
- stiff facial expressions
106
what is CN I?
olfactory
107
what is the function of the olfactory cranial nerve?
smell
108
what is CN II?
optic
109
what is CN III?
occulomotor
110
what is CN IV?
most eye movements
111
what is CN V?
trigeminal
112
what is CN VI?
abducens
113
what is CN VII?
facial
114
what is CN VIII?
vestibulocochlear
115
what is CN IX?
glossopharyngeal
116
what is CN X?
vagus
117
what is CN XI?
accessory
118
what is CN XII?
hypoglossal
119
what is the function of the cranial optic nerve?
vision
120
what is the function of the cranial occulomotor nerve?
most eye movements
121
what is the function of the cranial trochlear nerve?
moves eye
122
what is the function of the cranial trigeminal nerve?
face sensation, mastication
123
what is the function of the cranial abducens nerve?
abducts the eye
124
what is the function of the cranial facial nerve?
facial expression, taste
125
what is the function of the cranial vestibulocochlear nerve?
hearing and balance
126
what is the function of the cranial glossopharyngeal nerve?
taste, gag reflex
127
what is the function of the cranial vagus nerve?
gag reflex, parasympathetic innervation
128
what is the function of the cranial accessory nerve?
shoulder shrug
129
what is the function of the cranial hypoglossal nerve?
swallowing, speech
130
is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the olfactory cranial nerve?
sensory
131
is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the optic cranial nerve?
sensory
132
is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the occulomotor cranial nerve?
motor
133
is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the trochlear cranial nerve?
motor
134
is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the trigeminal cranial nerve?
both
135
is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the abducens cranial nerve?
motor
136
is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the facial cranial nerve?
both
137
is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the vestibulocochlear cranial nerve?
sensory
138
is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve?
both
139
is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the vagus cranial nerve?
both
140
is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the accessory cranial nerve?
motor
141
is the nerve type sensory, motor or both of the hypoglossal cranial nerve?
motor
