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endocrine system/hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of stimuli that trigger endocrine glands to secrete their hormones?

A
  • hormonal
  • humoral
  • neural
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2
Q

what is a hormonal stimulus?

A

one hormone stimulates the secretion of another

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3
Q

what is a humoral stimulus?

A

changes in ion or nutrient blood levels eg. glucose

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4
Q

what is a neural stimulus?

A

signals from the nervous system

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5
Q

what are the two basic types of hormones?

A

steroid and amino acid-based hormones

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6
Q

are steroid hormones lipid soluble or insoluble?

A

lipid soluble

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7
Q

are amino acid-based hormones lipid soluble or insoluble?

A

lipid insoluble

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8
Q

do steroid hormones bind to receptors on the membrane or inside the cell?

A

intracellular receptors

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9
Q

do amino acid-based hormones bind to receptors on the membrane or inside the cell?

A

bind to receptors embedded in plasma membrane

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10
Q

what are steroid hormones made from?

A

cholesterol

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11
Q

why is the hypothalamus classified as an neuroendocrine organ?

A

has both neural and endocrine function

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12
Q

what is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted by?

A

posterior pituitary

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13
Q

what is oxytocin secreted by?

A

posterior pituitary

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14
Q

what is prolactin (PRL) secreted by?

A

anterior pituitary

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15
Q

what is follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by?

A

anterior pituitary

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16
Q

what is luteinising hormone (LH) secreted by?

A

anterior pituitary

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17
Q

what is insulin secreted by?

A

beta cells

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18
Q

what is glucagon secreted by?

A

alpha cells

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19
Q

what is growth hormone (GH) secreted by?

A

anterior pituitary

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20
Q

what is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreted by?

A

anterior pituitary

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21
Q

what is cortisol/cortisone secreted by?

A

adrenal glands

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22
Q

what is aldosterone secreted by?

A

adrenal glands

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23
Q

what is adrenaline/noradrenaline secreted by?

A

adrenal glands

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24
Q

what is erythropoietin (EPO) secreted by?

A

kidneys

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25
what is thyroid-stimulating (TSH) secreted by?
anterior pituitary
26
what is thyroid hormone (TH) secreted by?
anterior pituitary
27
what is the parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted by?
anterior pituitary
28
what is the stimulus for the secretion of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
when blood Na+ levels increase above normal, and/or blood volume/pressure decreases
29
what is the stimulus for the secretion of oxytocin?
stretching of uterus during labour, suckling of infant when breastfeeding
30
what is the stimulus for the secretion of prolactin?
prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
31
what is the stimulus for the secretion of insulin?
blood glucose levels increase
32
what is the stimulus for the secretion of glucagon?
blood glucose levels decreases
33
what is the stimulus for the secretion of growth hormone?
growth hormone-releasing/inhibiting hormones
34
what is the stimulus for the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
corticotrophin-releasing hormone
35
what is the stimulus for the secretion of cortisol and cortisone?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
36
what is the stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone?
increases in K+ levels
37
what is the stimulus for the secretion of adrenaline/noradrenaline?
sympathetic division
38
what is the stimulus for the secretion of erythropoietin (EPO)?
when blood oxygen levels drop below normal range
39
what is the stimulus for the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone?
thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)
40
what is the stimulus for the secretion of thyroid hormone?
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
41
what is the stimulus for the secretion of calcitonin?
blood Ca2+ levels increase above normal range
42
what is the stimulus for the secretion of parathyroid hormone?
blood Ca2+ levels decrease below normal
43
what is the stimulus for the secretion of oestrogen?
FSH and LH
44
what is the stimulus for the secretion of progesterone?
LH
45
what is the stimulus for the secretion of testosterone?
LH
46
what are the target organ/s cells of ADH?
kidneys
47
what are the target organ/s/ cells of oxytocin?
uterus, mammary glands
48
what are the target organ/s/ cells of PRL?
mammary glands
49
what are the target organ/s/ cells of FSH?
ovaries
50
what are the target organ/s/ cells of LH?
ovaries/testes
51
what are the target organ/s/ cells of insulin?
kidneys
52
what are the target organ/s/ cells of glucagon?
kidneys
53
what are the target organ/s/ cells of ACTH?
adrenal cortex
54
what are the target organ/s/ cells of growth hormone?
liver, skeletal muscles and bones
55
what are the target organ/s cells of aldosterone?
kidneys
56
what are the target organ/s/ cells of EPO?
bone marrow
57
what are the target organ/s/ cells of TSH?
thyroid gland
58
what are the target organ/s/ cells of TH?
virtually every cell
59
what are the target organ/s/ cells of calcitonin?
bone cells
60
what are the target organ/s cells of PTH?
bone cells
61
what are the target organ/s/ cells of oestrogen?
ovaries
62
what are the target organ/s/ cells of progesterone?
ovaries
63
what are the target organ/s/ cells of testosterone?
testes
64
what is the main action/s of ADH?
- decreases urine output | - vasoconstriction of arterioles which helps increase blood pressure
65
what is the main action/s of oxytocin?
- stimulates uterus contractions | - ejection of milk
66
what is the main action/s of PRL?
stimulates milk production
67
what is the main action/s of FSH?
- ovum production - secretion of oestrogen - regulates sperm
68
what is the main action/s of LH?
- ovulation | - production and secretion of pregesterone (mainly), oestrogen and testosterone
69
what is the main action/s of insulin?
decrease blood glucose levels
70
what is the main action/s of glucagon?
increase blood glucose levels
71
what is the main action/s of growth hormone?
promotes growth of body tissues
72
what is the main action/s of ACTH?
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol and cortisone
73
what is the main action/s of cortisol/cortisone?
- maintain good glucose levels - resist stress - potent anti-inflammatory agents
74
what is the main action/s of aldosterone?
maintain blood K+ and Na+ levels
75
what is the main action/s of adrenaline/noradrenaline?
prolong fight-or-flight responses
76
what is the main action/s of EPO?
stimulates production of red blood cells
77
what is the main action/s of TSH?
stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)
78
what is the main action/s of TH?
- increases BMR and body temp - promotes growth of muscle/bone - promotes nervous system development
79
what is the main action/s of calcitonin?
decreases blood Ca2+ levels
80
what is the main action/s of PTH?
increases blood Ca2+ levels
81
what is the main action/s of oestrogen?
- regulates menstrual cycle - development of reproductive organs - secondary sex characteristics
82
what is the main action/s of progesterone?
- prepares uterus for birth - maintains pregnancy - regulates menstrual cycle
83
what is the main action/s of testosterone?
stimulates sperm production
84
what do parafollicular cells produce and secrete?
hormone calcitonin
85
what contains the cells that produce and secrete EPO?
kidneys
86
what is the outer adrenal cortex responsible for producing and secreting?
cortisol, cortisone and aldosterone
87
what is the inner adrenal medulla responsible for producing and secreting?
adrenaline and noradrenaline

human structure and function (21 decks)

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