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endocrine system/hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of stimuli that trigger endocrine glands to secrete their hormones?

A
  • hormonal
  • humoral
  • neural
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2
Q

what is a hormonal stimulus?

A

one hormone stimulates the secretion of another

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3
Q

what is a humoral stimulus?

A

changes in ion or nutrient blood levels eg. glucose

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4
Q

what is a neural stimulus?

A

signals from the nervous system

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5
Q

what are the two basic types of hormones?

A

steroid and amino acid-based hormones

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6
Q

are steroid hormones lipid soluble or insoluble?

A

lipid soluble

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7
Q

are amino acid-based hormones lipid soluble or insoluble?

A

lipid insoluble

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8
Q

do steroid hormones bind to receptors on the membrane or inside the cell?

A

intracellular receptors

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9
Q

do amino acid-based hormones bind to receptors on the membrane or inside the cell?

A

bind to receptors embedded in plasma membrane

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10
Q

what are steroid hormones made from?

A

cholesterol

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11
Q

why is the hypothalamus classified as an neuroendocrine organ?

A

has both neural and endocrine function

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12
Q

what is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted by?

A

posterior pituitary

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13
Q

what is oxytocin secreted by?

A

posterior pituitary

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14
Q

what is prolactin (PRL) secreted by?

A

anterior pituitary

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15
Q

what is follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by?

A

anterior pituitary

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16
Q

what is luteinising hormone (LH) secreted by?

A

anterior pituitary

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17
Q

what is insulin secreted by?

A

beta cells

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18
Q

what is glucagon secreted by?

A

alpha cells

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19
Q

what is growth hormone (GH) secreted by?

A

anterior pituitary

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20
Q

what is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreted by?

A

anterior pituitary

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21
Q

what is cortisol/cortisone secreted by?

A

adrenal glands

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22
Q

what is aldosterone secreted by?

A

adrenal glands

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23
Q

what is adrenaline/noradrenaline secreted by?

A

adrenal glands

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24
Q

what is erythropoietin (EPO) secreted by?

A

kidneys

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25
Q

what is thyroid-stimulating (TSH) secreted by?

A

anterior pituitary

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26
Q

what is thyroid hormone (TH) secreted by?

A

anterior pituitary

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27
Q

what is the parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted by?

A

anterior pituitary

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28
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

when blood Na+ levels increase above normal, and/or blood volume/pressure decreases

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29
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of oxytocin?

A

stretching of uterus during labour, suckling of infant when breastfeeding

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30
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of prolactin?

A

prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

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31
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of insulin?

A

blood glucose levels increase

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32
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of glucagon?

A

blood glucose levels decreases

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33
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of growth hormone?

A

growth hormone-releasing/inhibiting hormones

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34
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

corticotrophin-releasing hormone

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35
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of cortisol and cortisone?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

36
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone?

A

increases in K+ levels

37
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of adrenaline/noradrenaline?

A

sympathetic division

38
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

when blood oxygen levels drop below normal range

39
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone?

A

thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)

40
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of thyroid hormone?

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

41
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of calcitonin?

A

blood Ca2+ levels increase above normal range

42
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of parathyroid hormone?

A

blood Ca2+ levels decrease below normal

43
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of oestrogen?

A

FSH and LH

44
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of progesterone?

45
Q

what is the stimulus for the secretion of testosterone?

46
Q

what are the target organ/s cells of ADH?

47
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of oxytocin?

A

uterus, mammary glands

48
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of PRL?

A

mammary glands

49
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of FSH?

50
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of LH?

A

ovaries/testes

51
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of insulin?

52
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of glucagon?

53
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of ACTH?

A

adrenal cortex

54
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of growth hormone?

A

liver, skeletal muscles and bones

55
Q

what are the target organ/s cells of aldosterone?

56
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of EPO?

A

bone marrow

57
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of TSH?

A

thyroid gland

58
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of TH?

A

virtually every cell

59
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of calcitonin?

A

bone cells

60
Q

what are the target organ/s cells of PTH?

A

bone cells

61
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of oestrogen?

62
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of progesterone?

63
Q

what are the target organ/s/ cells of testosterone?

64
Q

what is the main action/s of ADH?

A
  • decreases urine output

- vasoconstriction of arterioles which helps increase blood pressure

65
Q

what is the main action/s of oxytocin?

A
  • stimulates uterus contractions

- ejection of milk

66
Q

what is the main action/s of PRL?

A

stimulates milk production

67
Q

what is the main action/s of FSH?

A
  • ovum production
  • secretion of oestrogen
  • regulates sperm
68
Q

what is the main action/s of LH?

A
  • ovulation

- production and secretion of pregesterone (mainly), oestrogen and testosterone

69
Q

what is the main action/s of insulin?

A

decrease blood glucose levels

70
Q

what is the main action/s of glucagon?

A

increase blood glucose levels

71
Q

what is the main action/s of growth hormone?

A

promotes growth of body tissues

72
Q

what is the main action/s of ACTH?

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol and cortisone

73
Q

what is the main action/s of cortisol/cortisone?

A
  • maintain good glucose levels
  • resist stress
  • potent anti-inflammatory agents
74
Q

what is the main action/s of aldosterone?

A

maintain blood K+ and Na+ levels

75
Q

what is the main action/s of adrenaline/noradrenaline?

A

prolong fight-or-flight responses

76
Q

what is the main action/s of EPO?

A

stimulates production of red blood cells

77
Q

what is the main action/s of TSH?

A

stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

78
Q

what is the main action/s of TH?

A
  • increases BMR and body temp
  • promotes growth of muscle/bone
  • promotes nervous system development
79
Q

what is the main action/s of calcitonin?

A

decreases blood Ca2+ levels

80
Q

what is the main action/s of PTH?

A

increases blood Ca2+ levels

81
Q

what is the main action/s of oestrogen?

A
  • regulates menstrual cycle
  • development of reproductive organs
  • secondary sex characteristics
82
Q

what is the main action/s of progesterone?

A
  • prepares uterus for birth
  • maintains pregnancy
  • regulates menstrual cycle
83
Q

what is the main action/s of testosterone?

A

stimulates sperm production

84
Q

what do parafollicular cells produce and secrete?

A

hormone calcitonin

85
Q

what contains the cells that produce and secrete EPO?

86
Q

what is the outer adrenal cortex responsible for producing and secreting?

A

cortisol, cortisone and aldosterone

87
Q

what is the inner adrenal medulla responsible for producing and secreting?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

human structure and function (21 decks)

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