Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

human structure and function > special senses > Flashcards

special senses Flashcards

1
Q

what are the five special senses?

A
  • smell
  • taste
  • hearing
  • vision
  • balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do mechanoreceptors respond to?

A

stretch, bend or deformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what special senses are mechanoreceptors responsible for?

A

hearing and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what special sense are photoreceptors responsible for?

A

vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what special senses are chemoreceptors responsible for?

A

smell and taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the special sensory receptors?

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • photoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do special sensory receptors do with a stimulus?

A

convert into action potentials that travel to the brain for interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the three major areas of the ear?

A
  • external ear
  • middle ear
  • internal ear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the external ear responsible for?

A

hearing only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the middle ear responsible for?

A

hearing only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the internal (inner) ear responsible for?

A

hearing and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the major structures of the external ear?

A
  • auricle (pinna)
  • external acoustic meatus
  • tympanic membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the major structures of the middle ear?

A
  • auditory ossicles

- pharynotympanic tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the auditory ossicles?

A
  • malleus=hammer
  • incus=anvil
  • stapes=stirrup
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the role of the auditory ossicles?

A

to transmit and amplify the vibratory motion of the tympanic membrane to the oval window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the role of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

equalises air pressure in the middle ear cavity with external air pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where is the internal (inner) ear located?

A

temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the two divisions of the internal ear?

A
  • bony labyrinth

- membranous labyrinth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the bony labyrinth of the inner ear subdivided into?

A
  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals
  • cochlea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the bony labyrinth of the inner ear filled with?

A

perilymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?

A

series of interconnecting sacs and ducts within the bony labyrinth filled with endolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the cochlea contain?

A

cochlear duct that houses spiral organ (of Corti)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the spiral organ of corti composed of?

A

cochlear hair cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what causes depolarisation in the spiral organ of Corti?

A

pressure waves create movement on the basilar membrane, causing hair cells to move against tectorial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

where are action potentials generated in hair cells transmitted along?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where is the oval window located in the ear?

A

on the wall of the bony labyrinth at the entrance to the cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the cochlea filled with?

A

perilymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the first two stages of the route of the sound wave through the ear?

A
  • sound waves vibrate tympanic membrane

- auditory ossicles vibrate oval window, pressure is amplified?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the third stage of the route of the sound wave through the ear?

A

-pressure waves created by stapes pushing on oval window move through perilymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the last stage of the route of the sound wave through the ear?

A

pressure waves of the perilymph vibrate the basilar membrane and bend receptor cells that are embedded in overlying tectorial membrane. This generates action potentials in vestibulocochlear nervee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the first 5 components/structures of the sound waves pathway through the ear?

A
  • pinna
  • external acoustic meatus
  • tympanic membrane
  • auditory ossicles
  • oval window
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the last 5 components/structures of the sound waves pathway through the ear?

A
  • cochlea
  • pressure waves in the perilymph
  • spiral organ
  • movement of basilar membrane
  • vestibulocochlear nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the oval window?

A

opening in the bone that partitions middle ear to start of the cochlea. Movement causes pressure waves within perilymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the round window?

A

thin membrane that separates the end of the cochlea from the middle ear. Absorbs pressure waves and prevents perilymph from leaking into the middle ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does the bending of hair cells in the spiral organ (of Corti) cause?

A

ion channels to open, causing Na+ to rush into hair cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what happens within the spiral organ of corti when ion channels open and Na+ ions rush into hair cells?

A

depolarisation leads to release of neurotransmitter which generates action potentials in sensory (auditory) nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

where do action potentials generated in the spiral organ travel to?

A

the medulla oblongata then the auditory reflex centre of the midbrain, then to the auditory cortex in temporal lobe where stimulus is interpreted as sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the role of equilibrium?

A

to provide info about the location of our head, the movement of the head, how rapid and which direction

39
Q

what are the two types of equilibrium?

A

static and dynamic

40
Q

what is static equilibrium?

A

evaluating the position if the head relative to gravity (up/down) and forward/backwards. Info supplied when head is motionless, or moving in a straight line

41
Q

what is static equilibrium detected by?

A

hair cells in the vestibule (saccule and utricle)

42
Q

what is dynamic equilibrium?

A

evaluates the position of the head while its rotating, or moving in an angular direction

43
Q

what is dynamic equilibrium detected by?

A

hair cells in the semicircular canals

44
Q

what are the two membranous sacs within the vestibule?

A

saccule and utricle

45
Q

what is the saccule continuous with?

A

cochlear

46
Q

what is the utricle continuous with?

A

semicircular canals

47
Q

what are accessory structures of the eye?

A
  • eyebrows
  • eyelids
  • conjunctiva
48
Q

what do eyebrows do?

A
  • protect eye from perspiration

- shade

49
Q

what do eyelids do?

A
  • glands secrete oily lubricant to prevent sticking

- eyelashes are richly innervated

50
Q

what does conjunctiva do?

A

provides lubricating fluid to prevent eye drying out

51
Q

what is the pupil?

A

round central opening that allows light to enter

52
Q

what does the iris contain?

A

muscles that can constrict and dilate to change diameter of pupil, controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

53
Q

what shape is the lens of the eye?

A

biconvex

54
Q

what does the lens change shape to do?

A

focus light on the retina

55
Q

what is the lens of the eye held in place by?

A

suspensory ligaments called ciliary muscles

56
Q

if the ciliary muscle contracts does the suspensory ligaments loosen or tighten?

A

loosen

57
Q

if the ciliary muscle relaxes does the suspensory ligaments loosen or tighten?

A

tighten

58
Q

if the ciliary muscle contracts what happens to the lens?

A

becomes round and thickened

59
Q

if the ciliary muscle relaxes what happens to the lens?

A

flattens

60
Q

what are the two segments that the lens and ciliary muscles divide?

A

anterior and posterior segments

61
Q

what does the anterior segment of the eye contain?

A

aqueous humour

62
Q

what does the posterior segment of the eye contain?

A

vitreous humour

63
Q

what does the aqueous humour do?

A

supplies nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea and removes waste

64
Q

what does the vitreous humour do?

A

supports posterior surface of the eye and hold the retina in place

65
Q

what are the three layers of the eyeball?

A
  • fibrous layer (outer layer)
  • vascular layer (3 regions)
  • retina (inner layer)
66
Q

what does the fibrous layer of the eyeball contain?

A

-sclera and cornea

67
Q

what does the vascular layer of the eyeball contain?

A
  • choroid
  • ciliary body
  • iris
68
Q

what does the retina layer of the eyeball contain?

A
  • photoreceptors
  • fovea centralis
  • optic disc
69
Q

where are photoreceptors located?

A

retina

70
Q

what are rods photoreceptors for?

A

dim light and peripheral vision

71
Q

what are cones photoreceptors for?

A

bright light, colour and visual acuity

72
Q

what is refraction?

A

bending of light rays as it passes through different mediums (eg. humours, cornea, lens)

73
Q

what is accomodation?

A

increasing or decreasing the refractory power of the lens (amount of bending)

74
Q

what are the four changes of medium involved in the pathway of light to the retina?

A
  • cornea
  • aqueous humour
  • lens
  • vitreous humour
75
Q

for close vision do ciliary muscles contract or relax?

A

contract

76
Q

for distant vision do ciliary muscles contract or relax?

A

relax

77
Q

for close vision do suspensory ligaments loosen or tighten?

A

loosen

78
Q

for distant vision do suspensory ligaments loosen or tighten?

A

tighten

79
Q

for close vision does the lens shape bulge/round or flatten/thinner?

A

bulges/round

80
Q

for distant vision does the lens shape bulge/round or flatten/thinner?

A

thinner/flatten

81
Q

for close vision does the refraction of light increase or decrease?

A

increases

82
Q

for distant vision does the refraction of light increase or decrease?

A

decreases

83
Q

for close vision is the autonomic division parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

84
Q

for distant vision is the autonomic division parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

sympathetic

85
Q

in addition to accomodation what else must occur to focus on an object?

A
  • convergence of the eyeballs

- constriction of the pupil

86
Q

what is convergence of the eyeballs during close vision?

A

turning both eyeballs medially eg. looking at tip of nose

87
Q

how is constriction of the pupil used for close vision?

A

iris sphincter muscle constricts to decrease the diameter of the pupil. This prevents the most divergent light rays from entering the eye and causing blurred vision

88
Q

what is near point vision?

A

closest point at which we can focus

89
Q

what is the normal ageing process where the lens loses the ability to accomodate called?

A

presbyopia

90
Q

why is light that focuses on the optic disc unable to be seen?

A

is the blind spot and lacks photoreceptors

91
Q

what is the visual pathway to the brain?

A
  • retina
  • optic nerve (II)
  • optic chiasma
  • optic tract
  • thalamus
  • optic radiations
  • primary visual cortex in occipital lobe
92
Q

what is binocular vision?

A

human eyes are located anteriorly so the field of vision from both eyes overlap

93
Q

what is depth perception?

A

the ability to determine distance of an object from the eye

human structure and function (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions