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human structure and function > heart anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

heart anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what two systems is the heart innervated by?

A
  • intrinsic conduction system

- extrinsic innervation

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

to provide adequate blood flow to tissues/organs according to their needs

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3
Q

what type of cells are part of the intrinsic conduction system?

A

pacemaker cells

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4
Q

what are the five main parts of the intrinsic conduction system?

A
  1. sinoatrial node
  2. atrioventricular node
  3. atrioventricular bundle
  4. bundle branches
  5. purkinje fibres
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5
Q

what does the extrinsic innervation do?

A

ANS modifies the activity of the heart

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6
Q

what are the two cardiac centres of the extrinsic innervation in the medulla oblongata?

A
  • cardioacceleratory centre

- cardioinhibitory centre

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7
Q

what does the cardioacceleratory centre do?

A

increases BOTH HR and force of contraction

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8
Q

is the cardioacceleratory centre parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

sympathetic

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9
Q

what does the cardioinhibitory centre do?

A

decreases HR only

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10
Q

is the cardioinhibitory centre parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

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11
Q

what nodes does the cardioinhibitory centre innervate?

A

SA node

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12
Q

what nodes does the cardioacceleratory centre innervate?

A

SA and AV nodes

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13
Q

what are the ECG deflection?

A
  • P wave
  • QRS Complex
  • T wave
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14
Q

what causes the P wave?

A

atrial depolarisation

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15
Q

where does the P wave begin?

A

SA node

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16
Q

where does ventricular depolarisation begin?

A

at apex

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17
Q

what wave does ventricular depolarisation cause?

A

ORS complex

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18
Q

what is masked by the QRS complex?

A

atrial repolarisation

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19
Q

where does ventricular repolarisation occur and what wave does it cause?

A

at apex, T wave

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20
Q

what is systole?

A

a period of contraction

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21
Q

what is diastole?

A

period of relaxation

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22
Q

what is the cardiac cycle?

A

one complete heartbeat

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23
Q

what are the three phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • ventricular filling
  • ventricular systole
  • early diastole
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24
Q

are the AV valves open or closed in phase one ventricular filling?

A

open

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25
Q

are the SL valves open or closed in phase one ventricular filling?

A

closed

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26
Q

what happens during atrial systole?

A

both atria contract simultaneously completely filling relaxed ventricles with blood (EDV)

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27
Q

what happens in ventricular systole (isovolumetric)?

A

both ventricles contract, pushing blood upwards and increasing ventricular pressure

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28
Q

what does the upward movement of blood during ventricular systole (Isovolumetric contraction) do to the AV valves?

A

closes them

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29
Q

why is Phase 2a called isovolumetric contraction?

A

ventricular pressure is not great enough to open SL valves so there is no change in blood volume

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30
Q

what occurs during ventricular systole (ventricular ejection)?

A

increasing force of ventricular contraction above arterial pressure. blood ejected into aorta and pulmonary trunk

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31
Q

do the SL valves open or close in ventricular systole during ventricular ejection?

A

open

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32
Q

when do theAV vales close during ventricular systole- ventricular ejection?

A

as ventricular pressure is greater than arterial pressure

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33
Q

does ventricular diastole cause the SL valves to open or close?

A

close

34
Q

what does heart sound 1 sound like?

A

lubb

35
Q

what does heart sound 2 sound like?

A

dubb

36
Q

what causes lubb heart sound?

A

closure of AV valves

37
Q

what causes dubb heart sound?

A

closure of SL valves

38
Q

what is a heart murmur?

A

swishing sounds as blood back flows through an incompetent valve

39
Q

how does the P wave correlate electrical and mechanical events?

A

atrial depolarisation triggers atrial systole

40
Q

how does the QRS complex correlate electrical and mechanical events?

A

ventricular depolarisation triggers ventricular systole

41
Q

how does the T wave correlate electrical and mechanical events?

A

ventricular depolarisation results in ventricular diastole

42
Q

what does EDV stand for?

A

end-diastolic volume

43
Q

what does ESV stand for?

A

end-systolic volume

44
Q

what is heart rate?

A

number of beats per min

45
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood ejected per beat (ml)

46
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

volume of blood pumped into the systemic or pulmonary circuit per min (L/min)

47
Q

what is the equation for SV?

A

SV= EDV - ESV

48
Q

what is EDV?

A

the volume of blood in a ventricular at the end of relaxation period

49
Q

what is ESV?

A

the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle after it has contracted

50
Q

what is EDV determined by?

A
  • venous return

- passive filling time

51
Q

what is venous return?

A

amount of blood returning to the heart from the systemic or pulmonary circuits

52
Q

what is passive filling time?

A

time both the atria and ventricle are in diastole

53
Q

does passive filling time increase or decrease as HR increases?

A

decreases

54
Q

what does venous return depend on?

A
  • total blood volume

- patterns of blood flow determined by muscle/organ activity, sympathetic activity and body position

55
Q

what does EDV determine?

A

preload

56
Q

what is preload?

A

the degree the myocardium is stretched before it contracts

57
Q

what does preload determine?

A

force of ventricular myocardial contraction therefore SV

58
Q

what are factors affecting ESV?

A

-contractility

59
Q

what is contractility?

A

amount of force produced by myocardial contraction

60
Q

what is contractility increased by?

A
  • sympathetic stimulation
  • hormones
  • high level of extracellular Ca2+
  • exercise
61
Q

what is contractility decreased by?

A
  • acidosis

- increased extracellular K+

62
Q

what is afterload?

A

the pressure that the ventricles must overcome to open SL valves to eject blood into arteries

63
Q

what is the normal range of heartbeats per min?

A

60-100

64
Q

what is the average rate of bpm?

A

75bpm (80bpm)

65
Q

what is HR altered to do?

A
  • meet needs of tissues/organs

- compensate for changes inSV

66
Q

what does the cardiovascular centres in the medulla oblongata receive input from?

A
  • proprioceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • baroreceptors
67
Q

does noradrenalin and adrenaline increase or decrease HR?

A

increases

68
Q

does thyroxine (T4) increase or decrease HR?

A

increases

69
Q

does increased body temp increase or decrease HR?

A

increases

70
Q

does decreased body temp increase or decrease HR?

A

decreases

71
Q

does increased extracellular NA+ or K+ increase or decrease HR?

A

decreases

72
Q

does increased extracellular Ca2+ increase or decrease HR?

A

increases

73
Q

whats the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO= SV x HR

74
Q

what is heart rate determined by?

A
  • ANS
  • hormones
  • plasma electrolytes
75
Q

what are the three layers of the heart wall?

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
76
Q

what are the three components that supply blood into the right atrium?

A
  • superior and inferior vena cava

- coronary sinus

77
Q

what are the names of the first valve that blood travels through as it enters right ventricle?

A
  • right atrioventricular valve

- tricuspid valve

78
Q

what is the name of the valve that blood moves through from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk?

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

79
Q

what are the names of the valve that separates the left atrium and ventricle?

A
  • left atrioventricular valve
  • mitral valve or
  • bicuspid valve
80
Q

what valve separates the left ventricle and the aorta?

A

aortic semilunar valve

human structure and function (21 decks)

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