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human structure and function > urinary system > Flashcards

urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the urinary system consist of?

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

what is the urinary system also called?

A

the renal system

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3
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

in superior lumbar region

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4
Q

what does the kidneys being retro-peritoneal organs mean?

A

they are located behind the periotoneal membrane

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5
Q

what supplies the kidneys with blood and what are these arteries derived from?

A

renal arteries, abdominal aorta

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6
Q

what are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  • regulating fluid and electrolyte balance
  • excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign substances
  • regulation of pH
  • maintenance of bp
  • regulation of erythropoiesis
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7
Q

what does the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance of the kidneys include?

A

solute content and therefore osmolarity of ECF

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8
Q

what is a waste product excreted by the kidneys?

A

nitrogenous wastes

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9
Q

how do the kidneys regulate pH?

A

by conserving or eliminating hydrogen

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10
Q

how do the kidneys maintain blood pressure?

A

through control of blood volume and production of renin

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11
Q

how do the kidneys regulate erythropoiesis?

A

produces hormones erythropoietin for stimulation of red blood cell production

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12
Q

what are the metabolic functions of the kidneys?

A
  • activates vitamin D

- production of new glucose through gluconeogenesis when fasting/starving

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13
Q

what are the three regions of gross anatomy?

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal pelvis
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14
Q

what is the renal cortex?

A

outer region containing cortical nephrons

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15
Q

what is the renal medulla?

A

cone shaped tissue called renal pyramids

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16
Q

what is the renal pelvis?

A

funnel shape continuous with ureter

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17
Q

what does the renal pelvis drain?

A

drains papillae into minor calyces, then into major calyces

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18
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidneys?

A

nephron

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19
Q

what does a nephron consist of?

A

renal corpuscle and tubule

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20
Q

what is the renal corpuscle of a nephron composed of?

A

tight collection of capillaries called glomerulus

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21
Q

what is the renal corpuscle of the nephron specialised for?

A

filtration

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22
Q

what occurs in the renal tubule of the nephron?

A

reabsorption and secretion

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23
Q

what do nephrons drain into?

A

collecting duct

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24
Q

what are the two types of nephrons?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

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25
Q

where are cortical nephrons found?

A

renal cortex

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26
Q

what percentage of nephrons are cortical?

A

85%

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27
Q

what percentage of nephrons are juxtamedullary?

A

15%

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28
Q

what are juxtamedullary nephrons important for forming?

A

concentrated urine

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29
Q

what is the renal corpuscle of the nephron specialised for?

A

filtration

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30
Q

what occurs in the renal tubule of the nephron?

A

reabsorption and secretion

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31
Q

what do nephrons drain into?

A

collecting duct

32
Q

what are the two types of nephrons?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

33
Q

where are cortical nephrons found?

A

renal cortex

34
Q

what percentage of nephrons are cortical?

A

85%

35
Q

what percentage of nephrons are juxtamedullary?

A

15%

36
Q

what are juxtamedullary nephrons important for forming?

A

concentrated urine

37
Q

what are the three components of nephron blood supply?

A
  • glomerular capillaries
  • peritubular capillaries
  • vasa recta
38
Q

where are glomerular capillaries located?

A

within renal corpuscle

39
Q

what are glomerular capillaries specialised for?

A

filtration

40
Q

what do peritubular capillaries readily absorb?

A

solutes and water from tubule cells

41
Q

what is the vasa recta important for?

A

forming concentrated urine

42
Q

what are the three major processes of urine production?

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular reabsorption
  • tubular secretion
43
Q

whats the equation for urine production?

A

filtration+ secretion - reabsorption

44
Q

is glomerular filtration a passive/active/or both process?

A

passive

45
Q

is tubular reabsorption a passive/active/or both process?

A

passive or active

46
Q

is tubular secretion a passive/active/or both process?

A

active

47
Q

what does the filtration membrane of the glomerular consist of?

A
  • glomerular capillaries
  • basement membrane
  • podocytes
48
Q

is basement membrane in the filtration membrane of the glomerular negatively or positively charged?

A

negative

49
Q

what are glomerular capillaries composed of?

A

fenestrated endothelium

50
Q

what is the basement membrane of the glomerular filtration membrane?

A

thin gel-like membrane between two cellular layers

51
Q

what are podocytes of the glomerular filtration membrane composed of?

A

thin epithelium

52
Q

what do podocytes of the glomerular filtration membrane form?

A

cellular sheets with many filtration slits

53
Q

what is filtration of solutes from blood determined by?

A

size and charge

54
Q

does glomerular filtration consume metabolic energy?

A

no

55
Q

what does glomerular filtration result in?

A

positive net filtration pressure

56
Q

what drives glomerular filtration?

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

57
Q

what is glomerular filtration?

A

a non-selective process in which hydrostatic bp forces fluid through glomerular filtration membrane into capsule

58
Q

what are the three forces determining filtration pressure?

A
  • glomerular hydrostatic pressure
  • glomerular colloid osmotic pressure
  • capsular hydrostatic pressure
59
Q

whats the equation for net filtration pressure?

A

GHP - (GCOP + CHP)

60
Q

what is glomerular filtration rate?

A

total volume of filtrate formed each min

61
Q

what are factors that determine GFR?

A
  • net filtration pressure
  • total surface area
  • filtration membrane permeability
62
Q

what is the equation for GFR?

A

NFP x SA x PERM

63
Q

what is tubular reabsorption?

A

selective process that reclaims most of the filtrate formed during glomerular filtration

64
Q

when does tubular reabsorption start?

A

as soon as filtrate enters proximal tubule

65
Q

what cells carry out most reabsorption in the urinary system?

A

proximal tubule cells

66
Q

what are substances that are reclaimed during tubular reabsorption?

A
  • water
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • electrolytes
67
Q

what hormones are able to fine tune reabsorption at DT and CD?

A
  • ADH
  • Aldosterone
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide
68
Q

what does ADH do in the urinary system?

A

inhibits diuresis

69
Q

what does aldosterone do in the urinary system?

A

stimulates cells in DT (primarily) and CD to reabsorb more Na+

70
Q

what does ANP do in the urinary system?

A

inhibits reabsorption of Na+ and water in the DT and CD

71
Q

what occurs in the nephron loop?

A

reabsorption of water and solutes

72
Q

what is tubular secretion?

A

selective process moving substances from blood into filtrate

73
Q

where does tubular secretion occur?

A

along length of tubule

74
Q

what is tubular secretion important for?

A
  • removal of unwanted substances
  • elimination of excess K+
  • maintenance of blood pH through removal of H+
75
Q

what is GFR closely regulated in order to?

A
  • remove nitrogenous wastes from blood
  • remove excess solutes and water
  • ensure body tissues have constant blood volume/pressure

human structure and function (21 decks)

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