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human structure and function > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the organs of the digestive system?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small/large intestines
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2
Q

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • gall bladder
  • liver
  • pancreas
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3
Q

what are the 6 digestive processes?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. propulsion
  3. mechanical breakdown
  4. chemical digestion
  5. absorption
  6. defaecation
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4
Q

what does ingestion involve?

A

taking food and water into digestive tract

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5
Q

where does ingestion usually occur?

A

via the mouth involving the lips and tongue

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6
Q

what does propulsion involve?

A

moving food through digestive tract

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7
Q

what are two ways of propulsion through the digestive tract?

A
  • swallowing

- peristalsis

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8
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

alternate waves of muscle contraction and relaxation (involuntary)

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9
Q

what is mechanical breakdown?

A

physically breaking the food up into smaller fragments so it can be chemically digested

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10
Q

where does mechanical breakdown occur?

A

mouth, stomach, small intestine

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11
Q

how does the mouth mechanically breakdown food?

A

chewing and mixing food with saliva

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12
Q

how does the stomach mechanically breakdown food?

A

churning and mixing with gastric juices

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13
Q

how does the small intestine mechanically breakdown food?

A

segmentation

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14
Q

what is segmentation in the small intestines?

A

mixes food with digestive juices aiding nutrient absorption

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15
Q

what occurs in chemical digestion?

A

enzymes breakdown complex food molecules into their building blocks (monomers)

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16
Q

where does chemical digestion occur?

A

mouth, stomach, and intestines

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17
Q

what is absorption in digestion?

A

passage of end products (monomers) from the lumens of the digestive tract into blood or lymph

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18
Q

what is defaecation?

A

elimination of indigestible substances, in the form of faeces from the body via the anus

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19
Q

what are the four layers of the tissue in the digestive tract?

A
  • lumen
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
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20
Q

what structural modifications does the mouth contain?

A

lined by stratified squamous cells to allow for continual abrasion and protection of underlying tissue

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21
Q

what additional layer of muscle does the stomach have?

A

oblique layer

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22
Q

what does the additional oblique layer of muscle in the stomach do?

A

pummels food and forces chyme into small intestines

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23
Q

what does the mucosa indented into the gastric pits of the stomach contain?

A

goblet, parietal and chief cells

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24
Q

what are three structural modifications of the small intestines?

A
  • circular folds
  • villi
  • microvilli
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25
Q

what is the simple epithelium rich in in the large intestine and what does this ease the passage of?

A

goblet cells, ease the passage of faeces and protects from acids and gases

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26
Q

what is the modified mucosa lined by?

A

stratified, squamous epithelium

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27
Q

why is the modified mucosa continually replaced?

A

due to abrasion

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28
Q

what are the three salivary glands?

A

parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands

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29
Q

what does saliva contain?

A
  • mostly water
  • mucus
  • electrolytes
  • digestive enzymes
  • antimicrobial proteins
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30
Q

what are functions of saliva?

A
  • mucus lubricated food
  • dissolves food chemicals facilitates taste
  • enzymes digest carbs
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31
Q

what is the saliva primarily controlled by?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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32
Q

what are the digestive functions of the mouth?

A
  • ingestion
  • mechanical breakdown (chewing)
  • chemical digestion of carbs
  • propulsion
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33
Q

what is the digestive functions of the pharynx and oeophagus?

A

propulsion (peristalsis) of food to the stomach

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34
Q

what does the muscularis externa: circular and longitudinal within the stomach do?

A

mix, churn and propel food

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35
Q

what do parietal cells in the stomach produce?

A

hydrochloric acid

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36
Q

what do chief cells in the stomach produce?

A

pepsinogen

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37
Q

what do goblet cells in the stomach produce?

A

mucus

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38
Q

what does hydrochloric acid produced by the parietal cells in the stomach do?

A

activates pepsin, denatures proteins and destroys most bacteria

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39
Q

what is pepsinogen the inactive form of?

A

pepsin

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40
Q

what does mucus produced from the goblet cells in the stomach do?

A

protect mucosa from HCl

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41
Q

what are the digestive functions of the stomach?

A
  • mechanical breakdown
  • chemical digestion of proteins
  • absorption (minor) of fat-soluble chemicals
  • propulsion to small intestine
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42
Q

what are the three subdivisions of the small intestines?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
43
Q

what does the duodenum subdivision of the small intestine receive?

A

receives bile and pancreatic juice for chemical digestion

44
Q

what is the jejunum subdivision of the small intestine the major site of?

A

mechanical/chemical digestion

45
Q

when does the ileum subdivision of the small intestine end?

A

at large intestine

46
Q

what do circular folds in the small intestine do?

A

slow movement of chyme, thus increasing nutrient absorption

47
Q

what do enterocytes in the villi of the small intestine produce?

A

intestinal juice

48
Q

what are the digestive functions of the small intestine?

A
  • propulsion
  • mechanical breakdown
  • chemicall digestion of all four classes: carbs, proteins, fats and nucleic acids
  • nutrient absorption
49
Q

what type o epithelium is the modified mucosa of the large intestine made of?

A

simple epithelium

50
Q

what do goblet cells in the large intestine do?

A
  • ease passageway of faeces

- protect the intestinal wall from bacterial acids and gases

51
Q

what are the digestive functions of the large intestine?

A
  • absorption

- propulsion

52
Q

is defaecation is parasympathetic or sympathetic reflex?

A

parasympathetic

53
Q

what does propulsion in the large intestines involve?

A

haustral contractions and mass movement

54
Q

what bacteria digests remaining foods in the large intestine?

A

enteric bacteria

55
Q

where does the gall bladder rest?

A

inferior surface of the liver

56
Q

what are the dual blood supplies for the liver?

A
  • hepatic artery

- hepatic portal vein

57
Q

what does the hepatic artery supply to the liver?

A

oxygenated blood from the abdominal aorta

58
Q

what does the hepatic portal vein supply to the liver?

A

nutrient rich blood from small intestine

59
Q

what are lobules in the liver composed of?

A

hepatocytes that radiate from a central vein

60
Q

what is bile produced by in the liver?

A

hepatocytes

61
Q

where does bile produced by the hepatocytes in the liver collect and drain into?

A

bile duct of the portal triad

62
Q

what are the functions of the liver?

A
  • digestive function-bile production
  • haematologic functions synthesis of plasma proteins
  • detoxification
  • drug and hormone metabolism
  • metabolic functions
63
Q

what are the metabolic functions of the liver?

A
  • removing and storing excess nutrients
  • use of amino acids to yield energy
  • breakdown of fatty acids for energy
  • vitamin and mineral storage
64
Q

how does the liver correct nutrient deficiencies?

A

regulate circulating levels of glucose, triglycerides, fatty acids and cholesterol

65
Q

where is bile stored?

A

gall bladder

66
Q

what does bile contain and what do they do?

A

bile slats and phospholipids which emulsifies fats, increases surface area for digestive enzymes

67
Q

where is bile reabsorbed and recycled?

A

ileum

68
Q

when is bile released?

A

when chyme enters the duodenum

69
Q

what are the enzymes produced by the pancreas?

A
  • amylase
  • protease
  • lipase
  • nuclease
70
Q

what does amylase digest?

A

carbs

71
Q

what does proteases digest?

A

proteins

72
Q

what does lipase digest?

A

lipids

73
Q

what does nuclease digest?

A

nucleic acids

74
Q

where is inactivated protease form activated?

A

within the duodenum

75
Q

what does the pancreas produce?

A
  • enzymes

- alkaline pancreatic juices

76
Q

where does carb digestion occur?

A

mouth and small intestine

77
Q

what are carbs broken down into?

A

monosaccharides

78
Q

what are proteins broken down into?

A

amino acids

79
Q

what are lipids broken down into?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

80
Q

what are nuclei acids broken down into?

A

bases, sugar and phosphate ions

81
Q

where does majority of absorption occur?

A

small intestine

82
Q

where does small amounts of absorption occur?

A

stomach (lipid soluble), large intestine (water, electrolytes and some vitamins)

83
Q

what does absorption occur through?

A

epithelial cells

84
Q

what does the destination of nutrients depend on?

A

whether nutrient is water or lipid soluble

85
Q

how are water soluble nutrients transported?

A

capillary

86
Q

how are lipid soluble nutrients transported?

A

lacteal

87
Q

what is the destination of water soluble nutrients?

A

liver via hepatic portal vein

88
Q

what is the destination of lipid soluble nutrients?

A

lymphatic circulation > bloodstream > liver via hepatic artery

89
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the sum total of the chemical reactions occurring occurring in an organism

90
Q

what is anabolism?

A

reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones

91
Q

what is catabolism?

A

reactions that breakdown larger molecules into smaller ones

92
Q

what are the two metabolic states?

A
  • anabolic/absorptive

- catabolic/post-absorptive

93
Q

when does the anabolic/absorptive state occur?

A

when nutrients are in abundance (during and for 4hrs after a meal)

94
Q

when does the catabolic/post-absorptive state occur?

A

when no food is being digested and body reserves must be broken down to provide nutrients

95
Q

what is cellular respirationo?

A

biochemical process that leads to the production of ATP

96
Q

what are the 3 processes that cellular respiration involves?

A
  • glycolysis
  • tricarboxylic acid cycle (Kreb’s or citric cycle)
  • electron transport chain
97
Q

what are foods other than glucose that can be used to produceATP?

A
  • proteins > amino acids
  • triglycerides > fatty acids glycerol
  • alcohol
98
Q

what process converts glucose to glycogen?

A

glycogenesis

99
Q

what process converts glucose to triglycerides?

A

lipogenesis

100
Q

what are excess amino acids converted to?

A

triglycerides

101
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

102
Q

what is glucognogenesis?

A

production of new glucose from non carb source?

103
Q

what is the anabolic/absorptive state controlled by?

A

insulin

104
Q

what is the catabolic/post-absorptive state controlled by?

A

glucagon

human structure and function (21 decks)

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