intro to pharmacology

Question 1

what is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 1

how drugs affect the body

Question 2

what is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 2

how the body effects drug

Question 3

what are drugs derived from?

Answer 3

• micro-organisms
• plants
• animals
• minerals
• synthesised in labs

Question 4

what are the names of drugs?

Answer 4

chemical, generic, trade/brand name

Question 5

what is a chemical name?

Answer 5

description of chemical composition, atomic and molecular structure

Question 6

what is a generic (non-proprietary) name?

Answer 6

abbreviated, name given by manufacturer to first develop

Question 7

what is a trade (proprietary)/ brand name?

Answer 7

selected by company selling, protected by trademark

Question 8

what is the enteral route?

Answer 8

drug administration through an enteral tube

Question 9

what two routes of drugs pass through first-pass metabolism?

Answer 9

oral and enteral

Question 10

what are some advantages of the oral route of drug administration?

Answer 10

• costs less
• non-invasive
• pain-free
• good patient compliance

Question 11

what are some disadvantages of the oral route of drug administration?

Answer 11

• requires patient compliance
• patient must be conscious and cooperative
• takes longer

Question 12

what is sublingual administration?

Answer 12

drug placed under the tongue to dissolve

Question 13

what is buccal administration?

Answer 13

drug placed between cheek and gum

Question 14

why do buccal and sublingual administration rapidly absorb?

Answer 14

due to capillaries of the mucous membrane rather than being processed by GI tract

Question 15

what does the parenteral route mean?

Answer 15

any non-oral method

Question 16

what are the most common parenteral routes?

Answer 16

intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC)

Question 17

what are some advantages of the parenteral route of drug administration?

Answer 17

• IV and intraarterial routes provide immediate onset
• avoids first-pass metabolism
• problems with patient cooperation and conscious state can be voided

Question 18

what are some disadvantages of the parenteral route of drug administration?

Answer 18

• can be painful
• onset can be rapid
• more expensive
• requires accurate dosage

Question 19

what is the inhalation (pulmonary) route?

Answer 19

drugs administered by gas or fine mist

Question 20

what is the topical drug route?

Answer 20

applying the drug to the skin or mucous membrane

Question 21

what is drug absorption?

Answer 21

the process a drug will go through as it moves from the site of administration to the systemic circulation

Question 22

what are the factors that affect drug absorption?

Answer 22

• route of administration
• tissue surface area and thickness
• blood supply at site of administration
• solubility of drug

Question 23

do lipid-soluble or water-soluble drugs have rapid absorption?

Answer 23

lipid-soluble

Question 24

what is drug distribution?

Answer 24

once the drug has reached systemic circulation it can be distributed to various body compartments

Question 25

what is drug distribution the process of?

Answer 25

irreversible transfer of a drug between one location and another

Question 26

what does the movement of a drug to body tissues depend on?

Answer 26

- solubility - cardiovascular functioning - perfusion of area - pH of area

Question 27

what is metabolism?

Answer 27

process where drugs are broken down into substances more easily eliminated

Question 28

what is the most important site of drug metabolism?

Answer 28

liver

Question 29

what are the factors affecting metabolism?

Answer 29

- genetics - enviro - age and gender - disease states

Question 30

what is bioavailability?

Answer 30

refers to the amount of drug available to exert a pharmacological effect

Question 31

what is bioavailability the proportion of?

Answer 31

% of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation

Question 32

what is hepatic first-pass metabolism?

Answer 32

drugs administered orally pass through the GI Tract before being absorbed through GI mucosa into the blood of surrounding capillaries

Question 33

where is excretion primarily taking place?

Answer 33

kidneys

Question 34

what is excretion?

Answer 34

the irreversible loss of drug from the body

Question 35

what is elimination?

Answer 35

the irreversible loss of drug from the plasma

Question 36

what is the therapeutic range?

Answer 36

the range of concentration of a drug having a high probability of producing the desired therapeutic effect and low probability of toxic effects

Question 37

what does the therapeutic range lie between?

Answer 37

minimum effective concentrations and minimum toxic concentrations

Question 38

what is drug half-life?

Answer 38

defined as time taken for drug concentration to be reduced by 50% from its max concentration

Question 39

what dies a drug half-life tell us?

Answer 39

- how quickly a drug is eliminated from plasma | - how often we need to administer to keep within therapeutic range

Question 40

what is the minimum effective concentration?

Answer 40

when there is enough in plasma to begin exerting pharmacological

Question 41

what is the onset of action?

Answer 41

time at which min, effect concentration is reached

Question 42

what is the termination of the drug effect?

Answer 42

concentration has dropped below min effective concentration, no longer has a therapeutic effect

Question 43

what is the duration of drug action?

Answer 43

time between min effective concentration and termination

Question 44

what are the drug's molecular targets?

Answer 44

- carrier proteins - ion channels - enzymes - receptors

Question 45

how do drugs bind to carrier proteins?

Answer 45

bind to prevent carrier protein from moving molecules into cell

Question 46

how do drugs act on ion channels?

Answer 46

binding to channel causing the channel to open or blocking channel

Question 47

what are the two main types of drugs that affect enzymes?

Answer 47

competitive or non-competitive inhibitors

Question 48

what is a competitive inhibitors?

Answer 48

drug binds to active sites and substrate cant bind

Question 49

what are non-competitive inhibitors?

Answer 49

binds to enzymes and changes the shape preventing substrate binding, enzyme is destroyed

Question 50

what are the types of drugs that bind to receptors?

Answer 50

agonist and antagonist

Question 51

what does an agonist do?

Answer 51

initiates or enhances normal responses

Question 52

what does an antagonist do?

Answer 52

blocks normal response

Question 53

what is hypersensitivity to a drug?

Answer 53

body's immune system shows an exaggerated response to a drug perceived as a foreign substance

Question 54

what is an adverse drug reaction?

Answer 54

unintended and/or undesirable effect

Question 55

what are the predisposing factors of an adverse reaction?

Answer 55

- age - gender - dose - polypharmacy - history - genetic factors

Question 56

what is polypharmacy?

Answer 56

taking multiple different medications

Question 57

what is drug interactions?

Answer 57

occurs when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another

Question 58

what is drug contraindications?

Answer 58

a factor that makes the administration of drug undesirable or dangerous

Question 59

what are factors that can make a drug contraindications?

Answer 59

- patient status - current disease state - drug therapy with potential for interaction or adverse reaction

Question 60

what is drug transfer?

Answer 60

any drug given to a pregnant women may reach the fetus via circulation or be transferred to a neonate via breastmilk

Question 61

what are the factors contributing to drug transfer?

Answer 61

- drug properties and dosage | - gestational age of fetus