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human structure and function > intro to pharmacology > Flashcards

intro to pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what is pharmacodynamics?

A

how drugs affect the body

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2
Q

what is pharmacokinetics?

A

how the body effects drug

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3
Q

what are drugs derived from?

A
  • micro-organisms
  • plants
  • animals
  • minerals
  • synthesised in labs
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4
Q

what are the names of drugs?

A

chemical, generic, trade/brand name

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5
Q

what is a chemical name?

A

description of chemical composition, atomic and molecular structure

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6
Q

what is a generic (non-proprietary) name?

A

abbreviated, name given by manufacturer to first develop

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7
Q

what is a trade (proprietary)/ brand name?

A

selected by company selling, protected by trademark

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8
Q

what is the enteral route?

A

drug administration through an enteral tube

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9
Q

what two routes of drugs pass through first-pass metabolism?

A

oral and enteral

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10
Q

what are some advantages of the oral route of drug administration?

A
  • costs less
  • non-invasive
  • pain-free
  • good patient compliance
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11
Q

what are some disadvantages of the oral route of drug administration?

A
  • requires patient compliance
  • patient must be conscious and cooperative
  • takes longer
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12
Q

what is sublingual administration?

A

drug placed under the tongue to dissolve

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13
Q

what is buccal administration?

A

drug placed between cheek and gum

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14
Q

why do buccal and sublingual administration rapidly absorb?

A

due to capillaries of the mucous membrane rather than being processed by GI tract

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15
Q

what does the parenteral route mean?

A

any non-oral method

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16
Q

what are the most common parenteral routes?

A

intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC)

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17
Q

what are some advantages of the parenteral route of drug administration?

A
  • IV and intraarterial routes provide immediate onset
  • avoids first-pass metabolism
  • problems with patient cooperation and conscious state can be voided
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18
Q

what are some disadvantages of the parenteral route of drug administration?

A
  • can be painful
  • onset can be rapid
  • more expensive
  • requires accurate dosage
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19
Q

what is the inhalation (pulmonary) route?

A

drugs administered by gas or fine mist

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20
Q

what is the topical drug route?

A

applying the drug to the skin or mucous membrane

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21
Q

what is drug absorption?

A

the process a drug will go through as it moves from the site of administration to the systemic circulation

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22
Q

what are the factors that affect drug absorption?

A
  • route of administration
  • tissue surface area and thickness
  • blood supply at site of administration
  • solubility of drug
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23
Q

do lipid-soluble or water-soluble drugs have rapid absorption?

A

lipid-soluble

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24
Q

what is drug distribution?

A

once the drug has reached systemic circulation it can be distributed to various body compartments

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25
Q

what is drug distribution the process of?

A

irreversible transfer of a drug between one location and another

26
Q

what does the movement of a drug to body tissues depend on?

A
  • solubility
  • cardiovascular functioning
  • perfusion of area
  • pH of area
27
Q

what is metabolism?

A

process where drugs are broken down into substances more easily eliminated

28
Q

what is the most important site of drug metabolism?

A

liver

29
Q

what are the factors affecting metabolism?

A
  • genetics
  • enviro
  • age and gender
  • disease states
30
Q

what is bioavailability?

A

refers to the amount of drug available to exert a pharmacological effect

31
Q

what is bioavailability the proportion of?

A

% of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation

32
Q

what is hepatic first-pass metabolism?

A

drugs administered orally pass through the GI Tract before being absorbed through GI mucosa into the blood of surrounding capillaries

33
Q

where is excretion primarily taking place?

A

kidneys

34
Q

what is excretion?

A

the irreversible loss of drug from the body

35
Q

what is elimination?

A

the irreversible loss of drug from the plasma

36
Q

what is the therapeutic range?

A

the range of concentration of a drug having a high probability of producing the desired therapeutic effect and low probability of toxic effects

37
Q

what does the therapeutic range lie between?

A

minimum effective concentrations and minimum toxic concentrations

38
Q

what is drug half-life?

A

defined as time taken for drug concentration to be reduced by 50% from its max concentration

39
Q

what dies a drug half-life tell us?

A
  • how quickly a drug is eliminated from plasma

- how often we need to administer to keep within therapeutic range

40
Q

what is the minimum effective concentration?

A

when there is enough in plasma to begin exerting pharmacological

41
Q

what is the onset of action?

A

time at which min, effect concentration is reached

42
Q

what is the termination of the drug effect?

A

concentration has dropped below min effective concentration, no longer has a therapeutic effect

43
Q

what is the duration of drug action?

A

time between min effective concentration and termination

44
Q

what are the drug’s molecular targets?

A
  • carrier proteins
  • ion channels
  • enzymes
  • receptors
45
Q

how do drugs bind to carrier proteins?

A

bind to prevent carrier protein from moving molecules into cell

46
Q

how do drugs act on ion channels?

A

binding to channel causing the channel to open or blocking channel

47
Q

what are the two main types of drugs that affect enzymes?

A

competitive or non-competitive inhibitors

48
Q

what is a competitive inhibitors?

A

drug binds to active sites and substrate cant bind

49
Q

what are non-competitive inhibitors?

A

binds to enzymes and changes the shape preventing substrate binding, enzyme is destroyed

50
Q

what are the types of drugs that bind to receptors?

A

agonist and antagonist

51
Q

what does an agonist do?

A

initiates or enhances normal responses

52
Q

what does an antagonist do?

A

blocks normal response

53
Q

what is hypersensitivity to a drug?

A

body’s immune system shows an exaggerated response to a drug perceived as a foreign substance

54
Q

what is an adverse drug reaction?

A

unintended and/or undesirable effect

55
Q

what are the predisposing factors of an adverse reaction?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • dose
  • polypharmacy
  • history
  • genetic factors
56
Q

what is polypharmacy?

A

taking multiple different medications

57
Q

what is drug interactions?

A

occurs when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another

58
Q

what is drug contraindications?

A

a factor that makes the administration of drug undesirable or dangerous

59
Q

what are factors that can make a drug contraindications?

A
  • patient status
  • current disease state
  • drug therapy with potential for interaction or adverse reaction
60
Q

what is drug transfer?

A

any drug given to a pregnant women may reach the fetus via circulation or be transferred to a neonate via breastmilk

61
Q

what are the factors contributing to drug transfer?

A
  • drug properties and dosage

- gestational age of fetus

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