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human structure and function > immune system > Flashcards

immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of the lymphatic system?

A
  • lymphatic system
  • lymphoid organs and tissues
  • WBC
  • cytokines
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2
Q

what are the components of the lymphatic system?

A
  • lymph
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphatic capillaries and vessels
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3
Q

what are possible pathogens?

A
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • parasitic worms
  • bacteria and their toxic products
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4
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

A
  • circulatory body fluids
  • removes foreign materials from body fluids
  • transports WBC
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5
Q

what does lymphatic capillaries contain?

A

flaplike mini valves that permit the entry of ISF, WBC, and foreign materials into lymphatic capillaries

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6
Q

what is lymph?

A

white milky protein-containing fluid, excess ISF

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7
Q

what do lymphatic vessels do?

A

carries lymph from peripheral tissues back to the blood (venous circulation)

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8
Q

what does the circulation of lymph via the lymphatic vessels do?

A
  • regulates ISF volume
  • maintains blood volume and bp
  • transports WBC and foreign materials to lymph nodes
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9
Q

what occurs if lymphatic drainage is blocked?

A

lymphoedema

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10
Q

where are lymph nodes located?

A

along lymphatic vessels

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11
Q

what do the lymph nodes do?

A

trap foreign materials

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12
Q

what do WBC’s in the lymph nodes do?

A
  • directly destroy foreign materials

- activate an immune response

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13
Q

what do primary lymphoid organs contain?

A

stem cells that differentiate into various WBC’s of the lymphoid system

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14
Q

what are secondary lymphoid organs and tissues the site of?

A

where foreign materials become trapped and destroyed or an immune response is generated

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15
Q

what are examples of secondary lymphoid organs and tissues?

A

-lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, tonsils

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16
Q

what are the different types of WBCs?

A
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • lymphocytes (natural killer cells, t and b cells)
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17
Q

where are WBCs found?

A
  • blood
  • lymph
  • lymphoid organs and tissues
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18
Q

what are cytokines produced and secreted by?

A

WBC

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19
Q

what do cytokines do?

A

the chemical messengers that recruit and/or activate WBC

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20
Q

what are the two main immune defenses?

A

innante (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) defences

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21
Q

what makes up the first line of defence?

A

surface barriers

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22
Q

what makes up the second line of defence?

A

internal defences

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23
Q

what makes up the third line of defence?

A

immune response

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24
Q

are innate defences present at birth?

A

yes

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25
Q

what do innate defences provide?

A

immediate protection against any type of foreign material

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26
Q

what do innate defences aim to do?

A

prevent foreign materials from entering and spreading throughout the body

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27
Q

what are two types of barriers that make up surface barriers of the first line of defence?

A

physical and chemical barriers

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28
Q

what is the aim of the first line of defence?

A

prevent entry

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29
Q

what are the physical barriers of the first line of defence?

A

intact skin and mucous membranes

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30
Q

what are the accessory structures of the physical barriers of the first line of defence?

A

hair and cilia

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31
Q

what are the chemical barriers of the first line of defence?

A
  • sweat, saliva, and tears
  • sebum
  • mucus
  • gastric juices
32
Q

how do tears, saliva and sweat protect against foreign materials?

A

cleanse body surfaces and contain lysozyme which destroys bacteria

33
Q

how does sebum protect against foreign materials?

A

is an acidic skin secretion that inhibits pathogen growth and toxic to some bacteria

34
Q

how does mucus protect against foreign materials?

A

traps

35
Q

what does the second line of defence prevent?

A

foreign materials from spreading

36
Q

what does the second line of defences involve?

A
  • macrophages and neutrophils
  • natural killer cells
  • interferons
  • complement
  • pyrogens
  • inflammatory response
37
Q

what do macrophages and neutrophils do?

A

phagocytose and destroy all types of foreign materials via lysosomal enzymes

38
Q

what types of cells do natural killer cells destroy?

A

virus-infected and cancerous cells

39
Q

how do natural killer cells destroy?

A

recognise, adhere to, and destroy target cells via the release of perforins and granzymes

40
Q

what do perforins create?

A

pores in target membrane allowing entry of granzymes

41
Q

what do granzymes induce?

A

apoptosis

42
Q

what do interferons inhibit?

A

viral replication

43
Q

what do interferons activate?

A

macrophages and natural killer cells to destroy virus-infected cells and cancerous cells

44
Q

what do complement proteins do?

A
  • recruit macrophages and neutrophils to the site of invasion
  • enhance phagocytosis by opsonisation
  • directly destroy cellular targets by forming membrane attack complex= cell lysis
  • enhance inflammatory response
45
Q

what are pyrogens?

A

a group of proteins which reset the body’s hypothalamic thermostat and increase body temp

46
Q

how can mild or moderate fevers be beneficial?

A

inhibit growth of some bacteria and viruses and increase cell metabolism which accelerates immune defences

47
Q

what is an antigen?

A

a molecule capable of inducing an immune response

48
Q

what do activated t and b cells mount?

A

an immune response toward antigen

49
Q

what is immunocompetence?

A

the ability to recognise and bind one specific antigen

50
Q

what do T cells bind to?

A

membrane-bound t cell receptor

51
Q

what do B cells bind to?

A

membrane-bound antibody receptor

52
Q

what is self-tolerance?

A

ability to recognise self-antigens from non-self

53
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

bone marrow

54
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

55
Q

what is immunological memory?

A

the ability to remember antigens

56
Q

what is a cellular response mediated by?

A

cytotoxic T cells

57
Q

what is humoral immune response mediated by?

A

B cells

58
Q

what activates the cellular and humoral response?

A

helper t cell

59
Q

what do activated helper t cells proliferate to produce antigen-specific?

A

effector and memory helper t cells

60
Q

what do effector Helper T cells secrete and what does this activate?

A

cytokines that activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells

61
Q

what do activated cytotoxic T cells proliferate to produce?

A

antigen-specific effector and memory cytotoxic T cells

62
Q

what do effector cytotoxic T cells do?

A

roam the body and destroy cellular antigens present by releasing perforins and granzymes

63
Q

what do activated B cells proliferate and differentiate to produce?

A

plasma and memory cells

64
Q

what do plasma cells secrete?

A

Ag-specific antibodies

65
Q

what do antibodies do?

A

circulate in body fluids and bind to extracellular antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes

66
Q

what do antigen-antibody complexes do?

A

inactivated tag antigens for destruction by phagocytes or complement

67
Q

what are the five major classes of antibodies?

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD and IgE

68
Q

what is the primary immune response?

A

first antigen exposure produces a small, slow, short-lived response that doesn’t protect from illness

69
Q

what antibody class is produced first then second?

A

IgM then IgG

70
Q

what is the secondary immune response?

A

subsequent antigen encounters produces rapid and long-lasting response that protects from illness

71
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

exposure of an individual to an antigen, inactive or attenuated (weak), this provides the first antigen encounter priming body for secondary response

72
Q

how does an immunodeficiency disease occur?

A

when the body’s immune defences are compromised or absent and unable to mount an effective response

73
Q

when does an autoimmune disease occur?

A

when the body’s immune defences target normal cells and tissues

74
Q

when does hypersensitivity occur?

A

when the body’s immune defences respond to a harmless antigen that is perceived as a threat

75
Q

what is immediate hypersensitivity?

A

acute, rapid allergic reaction

76
Q

what is immediate hypersensitivity mediated by?

A

allergen-specific IgE antibodies

77
Q

what is the treatment for immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylactic shock)?

A

adrenaline (epinephrine)

human structure and function (21 decks)

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