immune system

Question 1

what are the components of the lymphatic system?

Answer 1

• lymphatic system
• lymphoid organs and tissues
• WBC
• cytokines

Question 2

what are the components of the lymphatic system?

Answer 2

• lymph
• lymph nodes
• lymphatic capillaries and vessels

Question 3

what are possible pathogens?

Answer 3

• viruses
• fungi
• parasitic worms
• bacteria and their toxic products

Question 4

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 4

• circulatory body fluids
• removes foreign materials from body fluids
• transports WBC

Question 5

what does lymphatic capillaries contain?

Answer 5

flaplike mini valves that permit the entry of ISF, WBC, and foreign materials into lymphatic capillaries

Question 6

what is lymph?

Answer 6

white milky protein-containing fluid, excess ISF

Question 7

what do lymphatic vessels do?

Answer 7

carries lymph from peripheral tissues back to the blood (venous circulation)

Question 8

what does the circulation of lymph via the lymphatic vessels do?

Answer 8

• regulates ISF volume
• maintains blood volume and bp
• transports WBC and foreign materials to lymph nodes

Question 9

what occurs if lymphatic drainage is blocked?

Answer 9

lymphoedema

Question 10

where are lymph nodes located?

Answer 10

along lymphatic vessels

Question 11

what do the lymph nodes do?

Answer 11

trap foreign materials

Question 12

what do WBC’s in the lymph nodes do?

Answer 12

• directly destroy foreign materials

- activate an immune response

Question 13

what do primary lymphoid organs contain?

Answer 13

stem cells that differentiate into various WBC’s of the lymphoid system

Question 14

what are secondary lymphoid organs and tissues the site of?

Answer 14

where foreign materials become trapped and destroyed or an immune response is generated

Question 15

what are examples of secondary lymphoid organs and tissues?

Answer 15

-lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, tonsils

Question 16

what are the different types of WBCs?

Answer 16

• neutrophils
• macrophages
• mast cells
• basophils
• eosinophils
• lymphocytes (natural killer cells, t and b cells)

Question 17

where are WBCs found?

Answer 17

• blood
• lymph
• lymphoid organs and tissues

Question 18

what are cytokines produced and secreted by?

Answer 18

WBC

Question 19

what do cytokines do?

Answer 19

the chemical messengers that recruit and/or activate WBC

Question 20

what are the two main immune defenses?

Answer 20

innante (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) defences

Question 21

what makes up the first line of defence?

Answer 21

surface barriers

Question 22

what makes up the second line of defence?

Answer 22

internal defences

Question 23

what makes up the third line of defence?

Answer 23

immune response

Question 24

are innate defences present at birth?

Answer 24

yes

Question 25

what do innate defences provide?

Answer 25

immediate protection against any type of foreign material

Question 26

what do innate defences aim to do?

Answer 26

prevent foreign materials from entering and spreading throughout the body

Question 27

what are two types of barriers that make up surface barriers of the first line of defence?

Answer 27

physical and chemical barriers

Question 28

what is the aim of the first line of defence?

Answer 28

prevent entry

Question 29

what are the physical barriers of the first line of defence?

Answer 29

intact skin and mucous membranes

Question 30

what are the accessory structures of the physical barriers of the first line of defence?

Answer 30

hair and cilia

Question 31

what are the chemical barriers of the first line of defence?

Answer 31

- sweat, saliva, and tears - sebum - mucus - gastric juices

Question 32

how do tears, saliva and sweat protect against foreign materials?

Answer 32

cleanse body surfaces and contain lysozyme which destroys bacteria

Question 33

how does sebum protect against foreign materials?

Answer 33

is an acidic skin secretion that inhibits pathogen growth and toxic to some bacteria

Question 34

how does mucus protect against foreign materials?

Answer 34

traps

Question 35

what does the second line of defence prevent?

Answer 35

foreign materials from spreading

Question 36

what does the second line of defences involve?

Answer 36

- macrophages and neutrophils - natural killer cells - interferons - complement - pyrogens - inflammatory response

Question 37

what do macrophages and neutrophils do?

Answer 37

phagocytose and destroy all types of foreign materials via lysosomal enzymes

Question 38

what types of cells do natural killer cells destroy?

Answer 38

virus-infected and cancerous cells

Question 39

how do natural killer cells destroy?

Answer 39

recognise, adhere to, and destroy target cells via the release of perforins and granzymes

Question 40

what do perforins create?

Answer 40

pores in target membrane allowing entry of granzymes

Question 41

what do granzymes induce?

Answer 41

apoptosis

Question 42

what do interferons inhibit?

Answer 42

viral replication

Question 43

what do interferons activate?

Answer 43

macrophages and natural killer cells to destroy virus-infected cells and cancerous cells

Question 44

what do complement proteins do?

Answer 44

- recruit macrophages and neutrophils to the site of invasion - enhance phagocytosis by opsonisation - directly destroy cellular targets by forming membrane attack complex= cell lysis - enhance inflammatory response

Question 45

what are pyrogens?

Answer 45

a group of proteins which reset the body's hypothalamic thermostat and increase body temp

Question 46

how can mild or moderate fevers be beneficial?

Answer 46

inhibit growth of some bacteria and viruses and increase cell metabolism which accelerates immune defences

Question 47

what is an antigen?

Answer 47

a molecule capable of inducing an immune response

Question 48

what do activated t and b cells mount?

Answer 48

an immune response toward antigen

Question 49

what is immunocompetence?

Answer 49

the ability to recognise and bind one specific antigen

Question 50

what do T cells bind to?

Answer 50

membrane-bound t cell receptor

Question 51

what do B cells bind to?

Answer 51

membrane-bound antibody receptor

Question 52

what is self-tolerance?

Answer 52

ability to recognise self-antigens from non-self

Question 53

where do B cells mature?

Answer 53

bone marrow

Question 54

where do T cells mature?

Answer 54

thymus

Question 55

what is immunological memory?

Answer 55

the ability to remember antigens

Question 56

what is a cellular response mediated by?

Answer 56

cytotoxic T cells

Question 57

what is humoral immune response mediated by?

Answer 57

B cells

Question 58

what activates the cellular and humoral response?

Answer 58

helper t cell

Question 59

what do activated helper t cells proliferate to produce antigen-specific?

Answer 59

effector and memory helper t cells

Question 60

what do effector Helper T cells secrete and what does this activate?

Answer 60

cytokines that activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells

Question 61

what do activated cytotoxic T cells proliferate to produce?

Answer 61

antigen-specific effector and memory cytotoxic T cells

Question 62

what do effector cytotoxic T cells do?

Answer 62

roam the body and destroy cellular antigens present by releasing perforins and granzymes

Question 63

what do activated B cells proliferate and differentiate to produce?

Answer 63

plasma and memory cells

Question 64

what do plasma cells secrete?

Answer 64

Ag-specific antibodies

Question 65

what do antibodies do?

Answer 65

circulate in body fluids and bind to extracellular antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes

Question 66

what do antigen-antibody complexes do?

Answer 66

inactivated tag antigens for destruction by phagocytes or complement

Question 67

what are the five major classes of antibodies?

Answer 67

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD and IgE

Question 68

what is the primary immune response?

Answer 68

first antigen exposure produces a small, slow, short-lived response that doesn't protect from illness

Question 69

what antibody class is produced first then second?

Answer 69

IgM then IgG

Question 70

what is the secondary immune response?

Answer 70

subsequent antigen encounters produces rapid and long-lasting response that protects from illness

Question 71

what is a vaccine?

Answer 71

exposure of an individual to an antigen, inactive or attenuated (weak), this provides the first antigen encounter priming body for secondary response

Question 72

how does an immunodeficiency disease occur?

Answer 72

when the body's immune defences are compromised or absent and unable to mount an effective response

Question 73

when does an autoimmune disease occur?

Answer 73

when the body's immune defences target normal cells and tissues

Question 74

when does hypersensitivity occur?

Answer 74

when the body's immune defences respond to a harmless antigen that is perceived as a threat

Question 75

what is immediate hypersensitivity?

Answer 75

acute, rapid allergic reaction

Question 76

what is immediate hypersensitivity mediated by?

Answer 76

allergen-specific IgE antibodies

Question 77

what is the treatment for immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylactic shock)?

Answer 77

adrenaline (epinephrine)