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reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary role of the reproductive system?

A

produce offspring

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2
Q

what is the reproductive system made up of?

A

primary sex organs plus accessory reproductive organs (ducts, glands and external genitalia

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3
Q

what are the roles of the male reproductive system?

A
  • manufacture sperm

- deliver sperm to the female reproductive system

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4
Q

what is the penis designed to do?

A

deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract

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5
Q

what are the 3 cylindrical columns of erectile tissue in the penis?

A
  • dorsal: 2x corpus cavernosa

- ventral: 1x corpus spongiosum

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6
Q

how does an erection occur?

A
  • blood vessels dilate
  • increased blood flow to penis
  • vascular channels become engorged with blood
  • erection of penis occurs
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7
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

sac of skin housing the testes outside abdominal cavity of the body

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8
Q

what is the scrotum essential for?

A

temp regulation of testes

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9
Q

what are the two types of muscle that regulate temp in the scrotum?

A
  • dartos muscle (smooth muscle)

- cremaster muscle (skeletal)

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10
Q

what does the dartos muscle do in the scrotum?

A

contracts to make scrotum wrinkled and thick, decreases heat loss

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11
Q

what does the cremaster muscle do in the scrotum?

A

contracts to bring scrotum and testes closer to body

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12
Q

what is the lobule in the testes the site of production for?

A

sperm production

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13
Q

what is the testes internally divided into?

A

into about 250 lobules

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14
Q

what are the functions of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?

A
  • stores, nourishes and protects spermatozoa
  • facilitates functional maturation
  • recycles damaged sperm
  • ejaculates sperm
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15
Q

what does the epididymus surround?

A

the posterior edge of the testes and is a series of coiled tubes (6m)

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16
Q

where are sperm stored?

A

tail of the epididymus

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17
Q

where are sperm ejaculated into from the epididymus?

A

ductus deferens

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18
Q

what tubes does sperm travel through from the testes to the outside of the body?

A
  • epididymus
  • ductus/vas deferens
  • ejaculatory ducts
  • urethra
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19
Q

what accessory glands create secretions while sperm is ejaculated?

A
  • seminal vesicles
  • bulbourethral gland
  • prostate
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20
Q

what do seminal vesicles do?

A

release a viscous fluid which makes up 60-70% of semen volume and contains substances that enhance sperm mobility/ability to fertilise ovum

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21
Q

how much does the prostate gland fluid account for in the semen volume?

A

30%

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22
Q

is ejaculation a parasympathetic or sympathetic response?

A

sympathetic

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23
Q

what does the bulbospongiosum muscle do?

A

contracts to eject semen at a rate of 500cm/s

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24
Q

what is the process of producing sperm called?

A

spermatogenesis

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25
Q

where does the production of sperm occur?

A

seminiferous tubules of the testes

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26
Q

how long does each mature sperm take to produce?

A

about 10 weeks

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27
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do most body cells contain?

A

23 pairs

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28
Q

what are the major structural regions of sperm?

A
  • head
  • midpiece
  • tail
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29
Q

what is the head of the sperm responsible for?

A

genetic region; nucleus and vesicle containing enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate an ovum

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30
Q

what is the midpiece of the sperm responsible for?

A

metabolic region; mitochondria, energy production

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31
Q

what is the tail of the sperm responsible for?

A

locomotor region; flagellum creates movement

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32
Q

what does semen consist of?

A
  • 5% epidymal secretions
  • 60% seminal vesicles
  • 30% prostate secretions
  • 5% bulbourethral secretions
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33
Q

what do the testes make?

A

sperm and hormones

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34
Q

what is the interaction of the production of sperm and hormones in the testes called?

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HGP) axis

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35
Q

in the HGP axis what hormone does the hypothalamus release?

A

gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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36
Q

what does gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in the HGP axis signal?

A

release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

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37
Q

what does FSH stimulate in the male reproductive system (HGP axis)?

A

intestitial (leydig) cells in the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm

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38
Q

how does increased testosterone levels inhibit GnRH and FSH/LH release?

A

negatively feedback to inhibit

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39
Q

what occurs in the male reproductive system if the is an absence of GnRH, LH and FSH?

A

the testes will atrophy and sperm and testosterone production will cease

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40
Q

what are some things testosterone does after puberty?

A
  • stimulates spermatogenesis
  • increases size of penis
  • enhance ability to maintain erection and ejaculate
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41
Q

what are some male secondary sex characteristics that are not directly involved in reproduction?

A
  • enhanced hair growth
  • deepened voice
  • increased skeletal and muscle mass
  • increased metabolism rate
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42
Q

what is the main role of the female reproductive system?

A
  • produce and release gametes
  • nurture a developing foetus
  • give birth
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43
Q

what does the external structures of the vulva involve?

A
  • labia majora
  • labia minora
  • vestibule
  • clitoris
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44
Q

what is the labia majora?

A

two fatty skin folds

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45
Q

what is the labia minora?

A

two thin hair free skin folds the enclose the vestibule

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46
Q

what is the vestibule in the female reproductive system?

A

greater vestibular glands release mucus to lubricate intercourse

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47
Q

what is the clitoris?

A

erectile tissue, richly innervated, sexual arousal

48
Q

what structures make up the female duct system?

A
  • vagina
  • uterus
  • uterine/fallopian tubes
49
Q

is the female duct system continuous?

A

no

50
Q

is the male reproductive system continuous?

A

yes

51
Q

what does the vagina provide a passageway for?

A
  • eliminate menstrual fluids
  • receive penis during intercourse
  • expel foetus during child birth
52
Q

what keeps vagina free from infection and hostile to sperm?

A

acidic enviro

53
Q

what is the uterus?

A

hollow, thick muscular organ that receives, retains and nourishes offspring

54
Q

what does the uterus consist of?

A
  • body (major region)
  • fundus (top region)
  • cervix (joins to the vagina)
55
Q

what do glands in the mucosa of the cervix secrete?

A

mucous that block the spread of bacteria into the uterus from the vagina, also blocks sperm expect at mid cycle

56
Q

how come sperm is able to enter the uterus mid cycle?

A

mucous becomes less viscous

57
Q

what are the three layers the uterine wall is composed of?

A
  1. permimetrium
  2. myometrium
  3. endometrium
58
Q

what is the permimetrium layer of the uterine wall?

A

outermost layer

59
Q

what is the myometrium layer of the uterine wall?

A

bulky, middle muscular layer

60
Q

what layer of the uterine wall contracts to expel baby?

A

myometrium

61
Q

what is the endometrium layer of the uterine wall?

A

inner, mucosal layer that allows for implantation of fertilised egg

62
Q

what are the two layers of the endometrium layer of the uterine wall?

A

functional layer (stratum functionalis) and basal layer (stratum basalis)

63
Q

what does the functional layer of the endometrium layer of the uterine wall undergo?

A

cyclic changes due to ovarian hormones and is shed during menstruation

64
Q

what is the basal layer of the endometrium layer of the uterine wall unresponsive to?

A

ovarian hormones

65
Q

what regenerates the functional layer of the endometrium layer of the uterine wall after menstruation?

A

basal layer

66
Q

what do the ovaries do?

A
  • produce gametes (oocytes)

- secrete female sex hormones(oestrogen and progesterone)

67
Q

what are the female gametes called?

A

oocytes

68
Q

what does each ovary consist of?

A
  • medulla

- cortex

69
Q

what is the medulla of the ovary?

A

inside region which is highly vascularised

70
Q

what is the cortex of the ovary?

A

outside region where follicles are matured to release oocytes

71
Q

where are oocytes produced?

A

ovaries

72
Q

what are the oocytes a female has at birth called?

A

primary oocytes

73
Q

what are the oocytes recruited each month called?

A

secondary oocytes

74
Q

what are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • follicular phase (day 1-14)

- luteal phase (day 15-28)

75
Q

what occurs in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

periods of corpus luteal activity

76
Q

what occurs in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicle growth, ovulation occurs at the end of this stage

77
Q

how long does the luteal phase normally last in the ovarian cycle?

A

14 days

78
Q

what triggers ovulation?

A

increasing levels of oestrogen stimulate surge in LH

79
Q

what triggers the release of FSH and LH during the follicluar phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

GnRH

80
Q

what stimulates follicle maturation in the follicular phase?

A

FSH

81
Q

what does the LH surge transform ruptured follicles in the luteal stage into?

A

corpus luteum

82
Q

what does the corpus luteum produce?

A

oestrogen, progesterone and inhibin

83
Q

what occurs in the luteal phase if fertilisation does not occur?

A

the corpus luteum degenerates, hormone levels decline and cycle begins again

84
Q

what is the uterine (menstrual) cycle driven by?

A

oestrogen and progesterone released by the ovaries

85
Q

what are the three phases of the uterine cycle?

A
  • menstrual phase (menses)
  • proliferative (pre-ovulatory) phase
  • secretory (post-ovulatory) phase
86
Q

what days does the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle occur?

A

1-5

87
Q

what days does the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle occur?

A

6-14

88
Q

what days does the secretory phase of the uterine cycle occur?

A

15-28

89
Q

are progesterone and oestrogen levels high or low during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

A

low

90
Q

what occurs in the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

A

shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium, painful menstruation, dysmenorrhoea

91
Q

what occurs in the proliferative (pre-ovulatory) phase of the uterine cycle?

A
  • rebuilding of endometrium
  • cervical mucous becomes less viscous
  • ovulation occurs at the end of this phase
92
Q

what occurs at the end of the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

ovulation

93
Q

what stimulates and sustains the proliferative (pre-ovulatory) phase of the uterine cycle?

A

ovarian oestrogen

94
Q

when does the secretory phase of the uterine cycle occur?

A

immediately after ovulation

95
Q

what is the proliferative phase stimulated by?

A

progesterone and oestrogen from the corpus luteum

96
Q

what occurs in the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

endometrium prepares for implantation

97
Q

what is amenorrhoea?

A

cessation of menses

98
Q

what does oestrogen do at puberty?

A

promote oogenesis and increase growth of vagina, uterus and uterine tubes

99
Q

what do oestrogen and progesterone work together to do?

A
  • regulate uterine cycles and changes in cervical mucus
  • oestrogen repairs functional layer
  • progesterone promotes blood vessels and gland growth/secretion
  • maintain pregnancy and breast growth
100
Q

what are female characteristics not involved in reproduction induced by female hormones?

A
  • growth of hair in pubic and axilliary regions
  • growth of breasts
  • widening of pelvis
  • increased subcutaneous fat (hips and breasts)
101
Q

how are the mammary glands functional in females?

A

produces milk to nourish newborn

102
Q

what part of the mammary gland produces milk?

A

lobules

103
Q

how long can the secondary oocyte survive for?

A

12-24hrs

104
Q

how long can sperm survive in the female reproductive tract?

A

up to 3 days

105
Q

for fertilisation to occur when must intercourse occur?

A

on day of ovulation or few days prior

106
Q

what does capacitation do to the sperm?

A

enhances sperm mobility and prepares sperm for penetration of the oocyte

107
Q

what does capacitation do to the cap of the acrosome?

A

thins, in the readiness to release enzymes

108
Q

how long does capacitation take to occur?

A

8-10hrs

109
Q

once sperm reaches the ovum what must they weave through to reach the zona pellucina?

A

granulose cells of the corona radiata

110
Q

what is the zona pellucida?

A

thick gylcoprotein coat surrounding oocyte

111
Q

when sperm bind to the zona pellucida what does this cause?

A

rise in calcium levels resulting in breakdown of acrosomal membranes, that digest holes in layer

112
Q

is a sperm that arrives earlier or later more likely to fertilise ovum?

A

later

113
Q

when the sperm has digested through the zona pellucida what does it bind to?

A

special receptors on the oocyte membrane

114
Q

after the sperm binds to the receptors what occurs?

A

the sperm and oocyte fuse and the sperm’s DNA is released into oocyte

115
Q

what does DNA being released into the oocyte stimulate?

A

cortical reaction, where calcium levels increase causing destruction of sperm receptors and hardening zona pellucida

116
Q

why does the zona pellucida harden after fertilisation?

A

prevents further entry of sperm

117
Q

where does fertilisation usually occur?

A

distal end of the uterine tube

human structure and function (21 decks)

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